Design a project that address a specific social issue.the project is Essay

Plan a task that address a particular social issue.the venture is action day community for individuals over the age of 65 - Essay Example Britain has around 4,000 600 grown-up day care focuses in activity giving consideration to an aggregate of 13 old individuals in England every day. More than 70% of these grown-up day care fixates work on a not for benefit or open premise. Most subsidizing for the activity of these focuses principally originates from member expenses, outsider payers, and altruistic sources. Grown-up day care is a help given to the slight, genuinely or subjectively hindered grown-ups, seniors, and their guardians. A portion of the focuses are related with multi administration substances like home consideration, helped living, nursing offices, and emergency clinics. Grown-up day care programs give grown-ups benefits in a network based gathering setting. These projects are commonly outfitted towards giving day time social and wellbeing administrations to the old who require regulated consideration away from the home, for example, transportation for day by day needs, suppers and snacks with arrangements for unique dietary needs, programs for animating exercises, open doors for social collaboration with peers and mental incitement, physical, word related, and language instruction in a non clinical setting, and help with exercises for every day needs. The principle motivation behind Veo Activity day Center is to help the old to forestall social detachment and forlornness. The decrease of social communication troubles that more seasoned individuals face, might be countered by exercises that the middle will give, for example, expressions and specialty, moving, test puzzles, table games, strolls and visits, singing, and blossom course of action. The point of Veo Activity focus will be to spur the individuals more than sixty five years by urging them to take part in the arranging of exercises inside the middle, and to help those with handicaps to be free and socially incorporated therefore offering rest to those closer to them, for example, family members and carers. Veo Activity day Center will have a task

Disaster Recovery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Calamity Recovery - Assignment Example The malware was found by Kaspersky lab professionals and who uncovered the flood of bank thefts through hacking that have been going on (Sanger and Perlroth, 2015). This financial calamity in a few banks online means that the absence of a debacle recuperation plan set up and particularly the one which goes about as a preventive arrangement. On the off chance that any of the hacked banks had established a preventive fiasco recuperation plan set up, this rate would not have influenced them. It would likewise have been identified sooner than it was and a significant part of the effectively lost cash would have been forestalled. A debacle recuperation avoidance plan guarantees that any endeavor at hacking of the financial frameworks not to mention hacking for a time of two to four months to just get input through video takes care of from employees’ PCs would have been recognized and forestalled or managed (Whitman and Mattord 148). There is critical need to address this is the banks want to beat this posse just as forestall such future frequencies. Sanger, David and Nicole Perlroth. Bank Hackers Steal Millions by means of Malware. The New York Times, February fourteenth 2015. Recovered from

the flexibility (and foundation) of human rights and humanitarian policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

the flexibility (and foundation) of human rights and humanitarian policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy Concentration (HRHPC) provides a unique perspective into today’s moral normative framework affecting international politics and policies, to the extent that these are driven by a human rights value system.  Engaging issues of international security, development, and social justice, a rights-based perspective increasingly informs the work of international organizations and agencies, as well as politicians and policy analysts.   Thus, HRHPC focuses on conceptual, rights-based issues that shape public action.   It prepares students for careers within governments, international organizations, corporations, community organizations, as well as national and global NGOs.   The field is diverse, and this is reflected in the areas where graduates work: those specializing in human rights policy may address issues such as education, security, corporate social responsibility, economic development, and social justice; those who choose the humanitarian po licy track may also find themselves engaged in advocacy, relief operations, or post-conflict recovery programs, often working in fragile states. The concentration benefits from the proximity of some of the world’s most prominent human rights institutions, especially the United Nations (e.g., the office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, with its strong investigative and normative capacities, as well as the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) and the UN programs and agencies bringing human rights into the practice of relief and development, such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNFPA.   Then, New York hosts several leading relief and advocacy NGOs, such as Human Rights Watch, MSF, the International Rescue Committee, Care International, AIUSA, Human Rights First, Open Society, the International Center for Transitional Justice, Witness, and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). All these provide ample opportunities for research and for networking, and that, in turn, facilitates internships, junior consultancies, and ultimately job openings.   Moreover, many of the concentration’s pr actitioners and adjunct faculty are drawn from this pool of knowledge and experience. The Humanitarian Policy Track is widely recognized as a leader in its field, with a focus on the policies and practices of the major humanitarian actors represented in New York. It is unique among academic humanitarian programs by emphasizing human rights as a normative framework. The current trend in the humanitarian community is moving away from a stand-alone approach (i.e. neutrality, independence, and impartiality) to a rights-based approach, linked closely to early recovery and peace-building strategies. These ties in with humanitarian action in the context of long-term recovery and restoration of rights. The HRHP Concentration offers a rigorous program combining analytical and skills-based training, including classes on diverse topics such as International Human Rights Law; Human Rights Skills Advocacy; Gender, Globalization and the Human Rights of Women; History Reconciliation; Conflict Resolution; Peacekeeping/Peacemaking; Business and Human Rights; Labor Rights; Human Rights Development; Understanding Complex Emergencies; Managing Complex Emergencies; Psycho-social Impact of Complex Emergencies; and Education in Emergencies.   There is an option to complete a dual degree program with the Mailman School of Public Health’s Forced Migration program. The flexibility of the HRHP concentration encourages students to frame their intellectual and professional interests, delving into any number of these.   The faculty combines both scholarly and practitioner perspectives, often drawn from the ranks of the many organizations in the city. HRHPC students also benefit from Columbia’s rich and diverse offering in human rights outside of SIPA, including among others the Institute for the Study of Human Rights (ISHR), the Law School, Mailman School of Public Health, School of Social Work, and the School of Journalism.  There are numerous events outside the classrooms, including the opportunity to meet with many global activists in intimate settings.  In addition the concentration provides opportunities for students to develop their own interests through student working groups, off-campus activities, and meetings with alumni. Students participate in Capstones, which enable them to gain experience working in diverse projects and with diverse clients globally.   HRHPC students can also choose to take part in the EPD Workshops. Each year, a group of students is selected to participate in a humanitarian crisis simulation, conducted by the European Union’s Network on Humanitarian Action, and hosted by the University of Bochum, Germany. These exceptional opportunities provide both stimulating learning experience and often networking possibilities.   The concentration offers many other simulations and practicums, which provide additional opportunities to bridge the analytical with the experiential knowledge, which is so critical for the field and for becoming a successful practitioner.

the flexibility (and foundation) of human rights and humanitarian policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

the flexibility (and foundation) of human rights and humanitarian policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy Concentration (HRHPC) provides a unique perspective into today’s moral normative framework affecting international politics and policies, to the extent that these are driven by a human rights value system.  Engaging issues of international security, development, and social justice, a rights-based perspective increasingly informs the work of international organizations and agencies, as well as politicians and policy analysts.   Thus, HRHPC focuses on conceptual, rights-based issues that shape public action.   It prepares students for careers within governments, international organizations, corporations, community organizations, as well as national and global NGOs.   The field is diverse, and this is reflected in the areas where graduates work: those specializing in human rights policy may address issues such as education, security, corporate social responsibility, economic development, and social justice; those who choose the humanitarian po licy track may also find themselves engaged in advocacy, relief operations, or post-conflict recovery programs, often working in fragile states. The concentration benefits from the proximity of some of the world’s most prominent human rights institutions, especially the United Nations (e.g., the office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, with its strong investigative and normative capacities, as well as the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) and the UN programs and agencies bringing human rights into the practice of relief and development, such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNFPA.   Then, New York hosts several leading relief and advocacy NGOs, such as Human Rights Watch, MSF, the International Rescue Committee, Care International, AIUSA, Human Rights First, Open Society, the International Center for Transitional Justice, Witness, and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). All these provide ample opportunities for research and for networking, and that, in turn, facilitates internships, junior consultancies, and ultimately job openings.   Moreover, many of the concentration’s pr actitioners and adjunct faculty are drawn from this pool of knowledge and experience. The Humanitarian Policy Track is widely recognized as a leader in its field, with a focus on the policies and practices of the major humanitarian actors represented in New York. It is unique among academic humanitarian programs by emphasizing human rights as a normative framework. The current trend in the humanitarian community is moving away from a stand-alone approach (i.e. neutrality, independence, and impartiality) to a rights-based approach, linked closely to early recovery and peace-building strategies. These ties in with humanitarian action in the context of long-term recovery and restoration of rights. The HRHP Concentration offers a rigorous program combining analytical and skills-based training, including classes on diverse topics such as International Human Rights Law; Human Rights Skills Advocacy; Gender, Globalization and the Human Rights of Women; History Reconciliation; Conflict Resolution; Peacekeeping/Peacemaking; Business and Human Rights; Labor Rights; Human Rights Development; Understanding Complex Emergencies; Managing Complex Emergencies; Psycho-social Impact of Complex Emergencies; and Education in Emergencies.   There is an option to complete a dual degree program with the Mailman School of Public Health’s Forced Migration program. The flexibility of the HRHP concentration encourages students to frame their intellectual and professional interests, delving into any number of these.   The faculty combines both scholarly and practitioner perspectives, often drawn from the ranks of the many organizations in the city. HRHPC students also benefit from Columbia’s rich and diverse offering in human rights outside of SIPA, including among others the Institute for the Study of Human Rights (ISHR), the Law School, Mailman School of Public Health, School of Social Work, and the School of Journalism.  There are numerous events outside the classrooms, including the opportunity to meet with many global activists in intimate settings.  In addition the concentration provides opportunities for students to develop their own interests through student working groups, off-campus activities, and meetings with alumni. Students participate in Capstones, which enable them to gain experience working in diverse projects and with diverse clients globally.   HRHPC students can also choose to take part in the EPD Workshops. Each year, a group of students is selected to participate in a humanitarian crisis simulation, conducted by the European Union’s Network on Humanitarian Action, and hosted by the University of Bochum, Germany. These exceptional opportunities provide both stimulating learning experience and often networking possibilities.   The concentration offers many other simulations and practicums, which provide additional opportunities to bridge the analytical with the experiential knowledge, which is so critical for the field and for becoming a successful practitioner.

Literature Review on Why a Single Book of The Odyssey Was My Favorite

The Odyssey the Greek hero and his return journey after the Trojan War. Odysseus’s Voyage covers extensively the Greek world. All the way through the adventures of Odyssey, gods play an immensely significant role, with many of the gods liking him. His whole journey filled with arguments amongst gods. This story is said to be historically accurate and exceptionally significant to the ancient Greeks. Ulysses is illustrated to be a skilled warrior, athlete, masterful, articulate and courageous. In his trial to return home, he meets numerous adventures like the one-eyed Cyclops and the furious; god Poseidon who try to destroy him. He also meets the seduced sirens who lure him to distract from his mission through their seductive songs. The intoxication with Circe captures him with her mysterious magic. This story appears to be hard to believe in the present epoch, with great advancement in scientific knowledge. The Greeks believed firmly that the gods were accountable for every for daily occurrences. In his absence, Penelope, Ulysses’ wife remains faithful to him. The suitors who wanted to marry Penelope. They do not recognize that Odysseus is alive but being held hostage by Calypso in her island. Telemachus, Ulysses’ son tries to protect his mother from forced marriage by throwing the suitors away even though he is too young. Zeus daughter, attempt to assist Telemachus by masquerading herself as an adviser and a friend of Ulysses; she tells Telemachus to hold a meeting and get the suitors to abscond but it fails. On a second attempt, Pallas advises Telemachus to set sail to meet Menelaus the King of Sparta and Nestor the King of Pylos. King Nester never had much to say concerning Ulysses. He just mentioned that he saw Ulysses later after the war. Nester advises them to sail with his son Pisistratus to Sparta and talk with Menelaus, the King of Sparta and friend Ulysses. When they arrived at Sparta, Menelaus informs Telemachaus that Ulysses was alive but was being h eld by Calypso. In his absence, the suitors plan to kill Teremachus. Zeus makes a decision send Hermes to save Odysseus from Calypso. After a successful conviction by Hermes, calypso set Odysseus free to sail. On the sea, he meets Poseidon, the god of the sea. Poseidon sends brutal storms to wreck the Odysseus’s ship; he had been holding a grudge against him for blinding his son. Odysseus is saved by Athena and goddess Ino and lands at scheria. Here, he is invited to the palace by the Phaeancian princess. He is promised a save passage to Ithaca and requested to give a story on his adventure up to the arrival on Calypso. Upon his arrival Odysseus is still disguised like as a beggar man, he receives many abuses and insults from the suitors. Odysseus old nurse is the only person who recognized him, but promised not to reveal to anyone. Penelope likes the ‘beggar’ and suspects him to be Odysseus. She organizes an archery competition and promises to marry the man who can shoot an arrow through a line of twelve axes and can string Odysseus’s bow. On the competition, all suitors could make it to string the bow but could not fire the arrow through the axes. Odysseus decided to take on the suitors. He alone possessed the knowledge and intelligence of the string bow. The failure of his suitors marked his acceptance back to Ithaca. Odysseus later discloses himself to the whole palace. They later travel to the outskirts of the Ithaca to meet his father, Laertes. Relatives of the dead suitors attacked Odysseus and his family, at this moment his father Laertes filled with energy by sons arrival kills Antinous’ father. The whole assault is put to and end. Zeus later sends Athens to restore peace, his land and re-uniting with the family. The long journey by Odysseus reaches its last part. Work cited Alexander, Pope. The Odyssey of Homer. London: Ingram, Cooke, and Co.,227 Stranded, 1853. 11 Nov. 2010. http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=0Y5LAAAAMAAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=The+Odysseyhl=enei=-bvbTOCTIIqZOouWveEIsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=3ved=0CDkQ6wEwAg#v=onepageqf=false

Migration in Tamil Nadu Coastel Areas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4152 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Modelling for pollutant migration in the tannery belt, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India N. C. Mondal* and V. S. Singh National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India Groundwater in and around Dindigul town in Tamil Nadu, India, is polluted due to discharge of untreated effluents from 80 functional tanneries. Total dissolved solids (TDS) in about 100 km2 area are observed ranging from 2000 to 30,573 mg/l in open dug wells. A mass transport model was constructed to study pollutant migration. The study area covering 240 km2 was chosen to construct the groundwater flow model in the weathered part of unconfined aquifer system. The shallow groundwater potential field computed through the flow model was then used as input to the mass transport model. MT3D computer code was used to simulate mass transport in groundwater system. The mass transport model was calibrated with field observations. The available database was, however, quite sparse. Notwithstanding, efforts were made to arrive at reasonable guesstimates of the characteristic parameters. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Migration in Tamil Nadu Coastel Areas" essay for you Create order Sensitivity analysis, an integral part of calibration was carried out whereby model parameters, viz. transmissivity, dispersivity, etc. were altered slightly and the effect on calibration statistics was observed. This study clearly indicates that transmissivity plays a more sensitive role than dispersivity, indicating that the migration phenomenon is mainly through advection rather than dispersion. The study also indicated that even if the pollutant sources were reduced to 50% of the present level, TDS concentration level in the groundwater, even after 20 years, would not be reduced below 50% of present level. Keywords: Dindigul, groundwater pollution, pollutant migration, tannery industry, weather zone. THE study area, a granitic rock formation in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India possesses poor groundwater potential. Serious contamination of both surface water and groundwater has been reported in this area as a result of uncontrolled discharge of untreated effluents by 80 tanneries for the last three decades1–4. The health of the rural farming community and people working in the tanning industries has been seriously affected. They suffer from occupational diseases such as asthma, chromium ulcers and skin diseases5. About 100 km2 area of fertile land has lost its fertility. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration6 in groundwater at some pockets varies from 17, 024 to 30, 575 mg/l. As the discharge of effluents continues, a prognosis of fur- ther pollutant migration is carried out using a mathematical model. A numerical model of the area was developed using the finite difference technique coupled with method of characteristics and it was also used to predict TDS migration for the next 20 years. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the parameters which influence contaminant migration. Sensitivity analysis shows that advection and not dispersion is the predominant mode of solute migration. There are a large number of reports and papers available to describe the solute transport models to study contaminant migration in the industrial belts, coastal aquifer, etc. (C. P. Gupta et al. , unpublished)7–14. The computer software MOC developed by Konikow and Bredehoeft10 based on finite difference coupled with the modified method of characteristics is used for the present study. The area is a hard-rock, drought-prone region situated in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India (Figure 1) and it lies between 10 °13? 44? –10 °26? 47? N lat. and 77 °53? 08? – 78 °01? 24? E long. It is spread over an area of about 240 km2 and is characterized by undulating topography with hills located in the southern parts, sloping towards north and northwest15. The highest elevation (altitude) in the hilly area (Sirumalai Hill) is of the order of 1350 m amsl, whereas in the plains it ranges from 360 m amsl in the southern portions to 240 m amsl in the northern part of the area. No perennial streams exit in the area, except for shortdistance streams encompassing second- and third-order drainage15,16. Run-off from precipitation within the basin ends in small streams flowing towards the main river, Kodaganar. *For correspondence. (e-mail: [emailprotected] co. in) 1600 Figure 1. Location map. CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS The average annual rainfall17 is of the order of 915. 5 mm for the period 1971–2001. Geologically, the area is occupied with Achaean granites and gneisses, intruded by dykes. Black cotton soil and red sandy soil predominate. The thickness of soil varies from 0. 52 to 5. 35 m, but thickness of weathering15 varies from 3. 1 to 26. 6 m. Distribution of the weathered zone varies from place to place within the basin, and as such this shallow zone may not be a stable source for large demands of groundwater. The weathered zone facilitates the movement and storage of groundwater through a network of joints, faults and lineaments, which form conspicuous structural features. Apart from the structural controls on groundwater movement, the terrain is covered with pediment and buried pediment at the southern and western sides. Another most dominant formation is charnokite, which is found in the extreme southern and southeastern parts of the Sirumalai Hill. Groundwater is extracted through dug well, dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells for different purposes (V. S. Singh et al. , unpublished). The general trend of groundwater motion under shallow aquifer is in the north and northwest directions (Figure 2). The groundwater quality of samples was taken twice a year from five existing dug wells (depth range 14. 00– 24. 85 m) for the period from January 1988 to July 1995 and has been monitored by Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu17. Locations of the wells are shown in Figure 1. TDS concentration observed in the field at five dug wells during January 1988, January 1990, July 1991 and January 1994 is shown in Table 1. TDS showed increasing trends. The PWD hydrochemical data indicate that major ions such as sodium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate, and total hardness are also (N. C. Mondal, unpublished Ph D thesis) high, corresponding with the high TDS. The groundwater samples were made available for January 2001 from the field. These data also could be incorporated in the present study. The statistical parameters, viz. inimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of different chemical constituents of groundwater samples are shown in Table 2. These data show that groundwater is highly polluted due to tannery effluents in the eastern side of the Kodaganar river and western side of the town6. In order to observe the distribution pattern of TDS and to demarcate the higher concentration zones in the study area, the TDS contour map was prepared as shown in Figure 3. Geometry and boundary conditions in the aquifer are generally complex, because the aquifer is in hard rock terrain. Analytical methods are rarely applicable to find a Table 1. Period January 1988 January 1990 July 1991 January 1994 TDS values (mg/l) in five-PWD wells 83029A 465 630 794 1008 83503 1760 1761 1856 2136 83514 1500 2103 2366 3210 83515A 555 762 1217 629 83029 1046 1309 1901 1958 Figure 2. 2001). Water level contours (m, amsl) and flow direction (April Figure 3. TDS contours map (January 2001). 1601 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Table 2. Minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of groundwater Ca 38 1741 288 307 Mg 1 936 145 163 Na 26 4850 348 545 K 1 215 21 34 HCO3 31 756 377 140 Cl 25 10390 1079 1560 SO4 13 961 185 161 NO3 1 252 35 44 TDS Minimum Maximum* Mean Standard deviation 349 17000 2496 2507 Ions in mg/l. *Maximum value obtained in the sample collected from the adjutancy for the tannery. Samples were collected during January 2001. Figure 4. Grid map for flow and mass transport modelling. closed form solution of the 2D groundwater flow equation18. An approximate one, which is traceable, replaces this equation only by finite difference approximation technique. It will be easy to handle for numerical compositions. The starting point for the application of this method is discretization of small rectangular sub-regions in a grid form. The partial differential equations were replaced by a finite difference equation at each node. Several techniques, such as interative alternating direct procedure, successive overrelaxation methods, etc. are available for solving the set of the resultant simultaneous algebraic equations. The main stages of mass transport modelling are as follows: †¢ Solving the groundwater flow equation using finite difference method. †¢ Estimation of fluid velocities at each node. †¢ Solving the mass transport equation using finite difference technique and method of characteristics using the flow velocities. In order to set up the model in the MODFLOW set of codes, the area of interest needs to be divided into a series of 1602 grid blocks or cells19. This grid has to be block-centred, i. e. the groundwater heads will be computed at the centre of each grid block. Taking into account that there are no steep slopes in the water table and that the areal extent of the basin in about 209 km2, a grid size of 250 ? 250 m2 (total no. of grids = 3342) was decided (Figure 4). The layer is in unconfined condition and corresponds to a layer type 1 in MODFLOW. This type of layer requires only horizontal hydraulic conductivity values as well as specific yield values to be defined. The actual values of the ground surface elevation and bottom elevation of the bedrock were entered at the model. This is a simplification of the system and can be justified by the fact that the weathering and fracturing processes actually start from the surface of the formations and gradually progress deeper. The aquifer is dipping from southeast to northwest, with variable thicknesses. In the present case, the boundary conditions had been determined based on the hydraulic condition. Initially, these values were applied in the conceptual model. Figure 1 illustrates the boundary conditions set in the area. A specified flow boundary (Neumann conditions) is one for which the derivative of head (flux) across the boundary is given. A no-flow boundary condition is set by specifying this flux to be zero19. No-flow boundary has been set in the southern part of the basin. There are two facts that justify the use of a no-flow boundary: (i) Charnokite has been characterized as practically impermeable in the conceptual model and (ii) the water table is close to the surface. A groundwater flow divide is therefore likely to occur where there is surface flow divide. The northern boundary of the area was simulated through generalized head boundary, in order to represent groundwater discharge. These values were used in the steady-state simulation. At the calibration time, due to lack of data, it was assumed as constant. Other important boundaries: (i) Weathered part of the aquifer was considered as a porous one; (ii) aerial recharge and pumpages were assigned at random and (iii) wherever dykes and exposures are present, transmissivity values were adjusted and assigned according to their direction and length. The groundwater flow regime model was prepared only for the shallow aquifer zone tapped by dug wells and dugcum-bore wells (up to 27. 68 m thickness). This implies that the deeper fractured zones do not take part either in CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS groundwater flow or in mass transport. The aquifer is also treated as a porous one for modelling purposes. TDS concentration in the surface effluents was assumed to be more than 30,000 mg/l during the period September 1988 to February 2002. The quantity of fluid effluents seeping to the groundwater system was assumed to be 30% of the surface effluents. It was also assumed that on a conservative basis the solvent reaching the water table has a solute concentration, which is 30% of that present at the surface. The remaining 70% of the solutes may get absorbed in the unsaturated zones or are carried away by the run-off. An effective porosity of 0. 2, longitudinal dispersivity of 30 m and transverse dispersivity of 10 m were uniformly assumed for the entire area. The mass transport model was calibrated in two stages: steady-state and transient state. It was also assumed that TDS did not influence by density and viscosity values, which may affect the groundwater flow and pollutant migration. The computer software developed by Konikow and Bredehoeft10, based on groundwater flow equation and the modified method of characteristics was used. Various parameters (collected from the field) were assigned to the corresponding nodes. The purpose of calibration of the groundwater flow model is to demonstrate that the model can respond to fieldmeasured heads and flows, which are the calibration values19. The purpose of this modelling exercise is to solve an inverse problem, i. . to find a set of parameters, boundary conditions and stresses that reproduce the calibration values within a certain re-established range of error (calibration targets). In this case, a trial and error calibration technique has been used. Parameters are initially assigned to each node in the grid. Then these parameter values are adjusted in sequential model runs to ma tch the calibration targets. This method was chosen because information that cannot be quantified is being used (as opposed to an automated calibration procedure). Nevertheless, this method is largely influenced by the modeller’s expertise and biases. The calibration parameters set in this modelling exercise are the generalized head boundary, recharge, evapotranspiration, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, etc. TDS concentration (C) was then calculated at all node points for September 1988, a date up to which the system was assumed to be in a steady-state condition. There was a mismatch between observed and computed values of C. Therefore, efforts were made to obtain a reasonably better match by modifying the magnitude and distribution of the background concentration and pollutant load. However, the situation could not be improved much. This may be due to a variety of factors, the most important being the lacunae and inaccuracies in the database. To obtain the real representation of the aquifer system, field data (January 2001) were considered for other steady-state condition and were also run to visualize the mass transport model. The computed versus observed C values are illustrated in Figure 5. As the steady-state model could not reproduce the observed data at all the points, a time-variant simulation was carried out. This was done for the period January 1988 to July 1995 based on available historical data. Pollution load reached the groundwater system at various clusters during this period. Computed C for five PWD wells is higher than the observed values. These values, however, could not be rectified, as there was no basis for modifying either model parameters or pollutant load in the absence of any actual field estimates. It should be mentioned here that the present model only illustrates the feasibility of applying modelling techniques to study this problem and to use it for prediction of system behaviour for some future scenarios. The impact of varying conductivity, dispersivity, and C? W (TDS pollution load at the source) was studied. Variations caused in TDS concentration at selected node points as a result of variations in these parameters are shown in Table 3. This parameter was changed by 20% (upwards and downwards) of the value assigned in the model at each node. Change in conductivity affects groundwater velocity, causing redistribution of solute concentration. In general, higher the conductivity, faster is the movement of the solute. Therefore, the concentration is reduced near the sources and increased and vice versa (see columns 3 and 4, Table 3). The longitudinal dispersivity was increased to 50 and 100 m (from 30 m). Transverse dispersivity was taken as one-third of the longitudinal dispersivity. No significant changes in TDS concentration were noticed due to increase in dispersivity (see columns 5 and 6, Table 3). This shows that advection and not dispersion is the predominant mode of solute migration in the tannery belt. The effect of varying this parameter by 20% (upwards and downwards) at 32 source points (nodes taken at the major 1603 Figure 5. Computed vs observed C in steady-state (January 2001). CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS a b c Figure 6. III). Predicted TDS concentration in (mg/l) for (a) January 2020 (scenario 1). (b) January 2010 (scenario II) and (c) January2020 (scenario tannery clusters) was examined. It was found that C rises with an increase in the pollution load C? W and vice versa (see columns 7 and 8, Table 3). 1604 A reliable prognosis of pollutant migration is possible only if a validated model is available. Notwithstanding the shortcomings of the present model, it could be used to progCURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Table 3. Target 1 16 33 35 36 38 39 58 62 64 75 77 81 K0C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1928. 0 9915. 5 5933. 2 8316. 8748. 4 16737. 0 3004. 3 3877. 8 6334. 3 2308. 0 3000. 0 2895. 0 Variation in TDS concentration for a few target points by varying K, AL and C? K1C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1931. 7 9909. 2 5778. 8 8264. 1 8629. 7 16773. 0 3003. 2 3889. 9 6191. 1 2266. 9 3000. 0 2913. 8 K2C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1938. 5 9929. 6 5864. 1 8292. 5 8688. 5 16758. 0 3004. 6 3890. 5 6198. 9 2275. 5 3000. 0 2903. 9 A1C (mg/l) 2000. 0 1925. 4 9911. 3 5972. 2 8330. 0 8781. 8 16726. 0 3004. 6 3872. 7 6392. 7 2321. 1 3000. 0 2890. 1 A2C (mg/l) 2000. 0 1925. 3 9910. 9 5970. 8 8329. 6 8782. 2 16726. 0 3004. 7 3875. 9 6392. 5 2322. 2 3000. 0 2889. 9 C1? C (mg/l) 1998. 9 1928. 3 9915. 5933. 0 8316. 0 8748. 0 16736. 9 3004. 0 3877. 6 6336. 3 2308. 6 3000. 0 2895. 0 C2? C (mg/l) 2000. 9 1928. 5 9915. 5 5933. 4 8316. 6 8748. 9 16737. 1 3004. 5 3877. 8 6334. 3 2308. 0 3000. 0 2895. 0 K0 is conductivity for calibrated model in m/d; AL = 30 m (longitudinal dispersivity); C? = 9000 mg/l (concentration); K0C is TDS concentration for K0, AL and C? ; K1C is TDS concentration for K1 = (80% of K0), AL and C? ; K2C is TDS concentration for K1 = (120% of K0), AL and C? ; A1C is TDS concentration for AL = 50 m, K0, C? ; A2C is TDS concentration for AL = 100 m, K0, C? ; C1? C is TDS concentration for C1? = 7200 mg/l, K0, AL; and C2? C is TDS concentration for C1? = 10800 mg/l, K0, AL. Targets shown in Figure 4. nosticate some general inferences. The following three scenarios were considered for predicting the extent of pollution in the area at the end of a 20-year period. TDS load remains invariant during the entire period of prediction. (ii) TDS load is increased to double the present level (January 2001) during the entire period of prediction. (iii) TDS load is reduced to half the present level. The TDS load is a result of both the effluents discharged from the tanneries and the leaching of the previous adsorbed solutes in the unsaturated zone. Thus, effectively overall discharge from the tanneries is assumed to reduce about 50% of the present level. The predicted TDS concentration level (scenario 1) for the year 2020 is shown in Figure 6 a. It can be seen that C progressively increases in the area due to continuous addition of solids to the groundwater system. The area in which TDS content in groundwater may be more than 4000 mg/l is likely to be doubled within the next two decades from the present size between the river and town, towards north and west of Dindigul town. Figure 6 b shows a comparison of observed and computed C for scenario 2. It can be seen that at the end of a 10-year period (2010), C will be the same as that for scenario 1, but may still be high at some locations. Figure 6 c shows a comparison of predicted and observed C for scenario 3. It can be seen that at the end of a 20-year period (2020), C will be reduced but may still be high at some places. At the centre of the tannery cluster, C is reduced but in the northern side it increase due to movement of pollutant due to advection. Prognosis using the model confirms that the polluted area as well as the concentration of pollutants in the groundwater will continue to increase in future. The study also indicates that even if the pollutant sources were reduced to 50% of the present CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 (i) level, TDS concentration in the groundwater, even after 20 years, would not be reduced below 50% of the original level (in 2001). To conclude: †¢ The concentration of TDS has been computed through MT3D mass transport model, starting with a background concentration of 1000 mg/l. Even though TDS has been selected for simulation of contaminant migration, the migration of any species will follow a similar pattern as mass transport is primarily driven by advection. From transient condition, it is inferred that TDS concentration has steeply increased in and around the tannery cluster. The impact of varying TDS in the tannery belt is based on advection than dispersive mechanism. †¢ Despite lacunae in the database for the modelling of pollutant migration in the aquifer, it has shown that if tannery effluents continue to be discharged a t the present level, both as regards the volume and TDS concentration, groundwater pollution will continue to increase. It has been noted that even if tannery effluents are reduced to 50% of the present level, even after 20 years, TDS concentration in groundwater will not be reduced to 50% of the original level (in 2001). However, exact quantification of the affected area and concentration of pollutants in groundwater is possible only if one could make a valid model based on a more representative and accurate database. 1. Peace Trust, Dossier on Tannery Pollution in Tamil Nadu, 2000, p. 280. 2. Mondal, N. C. , Saxena, V. K. and Singh, V. S. , Impact of pollution due to tanneries on groundwater regime. Curr. Sci. , 2005, 88, 1988–1994. 1605 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 3. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Hydrogeological, geophysical and hydrochemical studies for delineating groundwater contamination zones on the tannery belt, Tamil Nadu, India. In Proc. Int. Conf. (WE-2003, Bhopal) on Water and Environment, Ground Water Pollution (eds Singh and Yadava), Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 2003, pp. 262–277. 4. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Integrated approach to delineate the contaminated groundwater in the tannery belt: A case study. Proceeding of the 2nd Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology and Water Resources Conference, Suntec, Singapore, 5–9 July 2004, vol. II, pp. 436–444. 5. Paul Basker, J. , Tanneries in Dindigul District. Dossier on Tannery Pollution in Tamil Nadu, Peace Trust, 2000, pp. 208–210. 6. Mondal, N. C. , Saxena, V. K. and Singh, V. S. , Assessment of groundwater pollution due to tanneries in and around Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Geol. , 2005, 48, 149–157. 7. Konikow, L. F. and Bredehoeft, J. D. , Modeling flow and chemical quality changes in an irrigated stream-aquifer system. Water Resour. Res. , 1974, 10, 546–562. 8. Robson, S. G. , Feasibility of digital water quality modeling illustrated by application at Barstow, California. US Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations, 46–73, US Governmental Printing Office, Washington DC, 1974, pp. 1–66. 9. Konikow, J. F. , Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the rocky mountain Arsenel, Colorado, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2044, US Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC, 1976, pp. 1–43. 10. Konikow, L. F. and Bredehoeft, J. D. , Computer model of two dimensional solute transport and dispersion in groundwater: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the USGS, Chapter C2, Book 7, 1978, p. 90. 11. Thangarajan, M. Modeling pollutant migration in the Upper Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Geol. , 1999, 38, 209–222. 12. Rao, V. V. S. G. and Gupta, S. K. , Mass transport modeling to assess contamination of a water supply well in Sabarmati riverbed aquifer, Ahmedabad city, India. Environ. Geol. , 2000, 39, 893–900. 13. Ghosh Bobba, A. , Numerical modeling of salt-water intrusion due t o human activities and sea-level change in the Godavari delta, India. Hydrol. Sci. , 2002, 47, S67–S80. 14. Majumdar, P. K. , Ghosh, N. C. and Chakravorty, B. , Analysis of arsenic contaminated groundwater domain in the Nadia district of West Bengal (India). Hydrol. Sci. , 2002, 47, S55–S66. 15. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Aquifer modeling study in and around Dindigul town, Tamil Nadu, India. In Proc. Int. Conf. (WE-2003, Bhopal) on Water and Environment, Ground Water Pollution (eds Singh and Yadava), Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 2003, pp. 188–198. 16. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , A new approach to delineate the groundwater recharge zone in hard rock terrain. Curr. Sci. , 2004, 87, 658–662. 17. Public Works Department (PWD), Groundwater perspectives: A profile of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. PWD, Chennai, Govt of India, 2000, p. 102. 18. Rushton, K. R. and Redshaw, S. C. , Seepage and Groundwater Models, Wiley, Chichester, 1979, p. 332. 19. Anderson, M. P. and Woessner, W. W. , Applied Groundwater Modeling, Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport, Academic Press, London, 1992, p. 381. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank Dr V. P. Dimri, Director, NGRI, Hyderabad for permission to publish this paper. N. C. M. thanks the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for financial support to carry out this work and Dr M. Thangarajan, NGRI for valuable discussions. We also thank the anonymous reviewer for valuable suggestions. Received 10 January 2005; revised accepted 13 July 2005 1606 Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India R. S. Rana1, K. Kumar2,*, H. Singh1 and K. D. Rose3 Department of Geology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar 246 174, India 2 Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 General Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun 248 001, India 3 Centre for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA 1 The first assemblage of lower vertebrates comprising fish, crocodilians and snakes is recorded from subsurface beds of the Akli Formation sampled from the Giral Lignite Mine about 40 km NNW of Barmer in Rajasthan. The fish comprise sharks, rays, lepisosteids, osteoglossids, pycnodontids and enchodontids and include among others Squatina, Ginglymostoma, Jaekelotodus, and Gymnura, which previously were not known from the subcontinent, an unnamed new species of Dasyatis, and two unidentified ? ycnodontid-like teleosteans. Reptiles are represented by crocodilians and ? boid snakes. The fauna supports a Late Palaeocene–Lower Eocene age and a coastal marine deposition under tropicaltemperate conditions. Keywords: Akli lignite, Palaeocene–Eocene, Rajasthan, vertebrates. IN western Rajasthan, the Lower Tertiary successions of shallow marine sediments occur in vast peneplained, sand covered tracts in three major basins, namely Jaisalmer, Barmer and Palana-Ganganagar1–3. These shelf sediments have attained great importance during the last four decades in view of encouraging prospects of occurrence of hydrocarbon, bentonite, and fuller’s earth deposits. Despite this, their biotic content in general and vertebrates in particular remain inadequately studied apparently because of paucity of surface exposures. Open cast mines of lignite, bentonite and fuller’s earth in several areas of Rajasthan and neighbouring Gujarat offer an easy alternative to this handicap though collecting sites often vanish by the next field season. Recently we sampled subsurface beds of the Akli Formation in a lignite mine at Giral and recovered rich vertebrate fauna that formed the basis for this contribution and is significant on four counts: (i) it is the first systematic record of vertebrate fossils from the Akli Formation, (ii) it includes four selachian taxa previously unknown from the subcontinent, (iii) it provides corroborative evidence on age and palaeoenvironment of Akli lignites, and (iv) it expands *For correspondence. (e-mail: [emailprotected] res. in) CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005

Ancient Greek Art And Art - 1036 Words

Ancient Greek art has been around the world since the beginning of the history of vases, temples, and human sculptures. More specifically, Greek art is renowned for its precision to detail and the meaning of every aspect in the fine arts. The Muse Terpsichore’s sculpture will be described, compared to the statue of Venus de Milo and analyzed in the eyes of ancient Greek’s mythological knowledge. In the Muse Terpsichore, known as the Muse of dance or Stesichore (Cartwright))’s statue, the sculpture’s standing figure on its plinth and dress code define the artist’s intent to create the sculpture of a graceful woman in order to convey the beauty of ancient and fine arts when describing the human figure’s aesthetics. This sculpture is made of Parian marble and it is of Greek origin from the late 4th century BC to the mid-2nd century BC. The Muse’s hair seems to be entwined with small braids. It is unclear to see from the image whether or not the hair is tied in the back or if it is short as only the frontal portion of the sculpture is shown. Her face is oval shaped, mostly rounded around the cheeks and narrowed down to the chin due to the positioning of the neck. The sculpture shows no specific emotion and concerning her upper facial features, her eyebrows seem to be missing. Her eyes are slightly open, her nose is straight, and her mouth is sh ut. Her neck is slightly tilted to the left, further affecting the tilt of her head. Her shoulders are uneven, due to her chiastic poseShow MoreRelatedAncient Greek Art - Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greek Art Ancient Greece was a remarkable place of learning and civilization. Many of the institutions developed at the time are still in use today, such as universities and democratic governments. Ancient Greece is also known for its incredible artworks, which have influenced many cultures through centuries. As with all things, the Ancient Greeks were innovators in the field of art and developed many new styles and techniques which have been used by countless artists ever since. AncientRead MoreAncient Greek And Roman Art1711 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature and arts in fifteenth century Italy. Ancient culture played a big role in this new and exciting movement. It was the source of creativity for the new up-and-coming Italian artists, it set a platform of ideas for these new artists to use as a blueprint. Competing with ancient Greek and Roman art, Italian artists were aiming to emulate the achievements of the ancient culture and were looking for a new form of expression; therefore, they us ed the ancient Greek and Roman art for inspirationRead MoreAncient Greek Art - Summary2053 Words   |  9 PagesRUNNING HEAD: ANCIENT GREEK ART AND MYTH Ancient Greek Art and myth [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Ancient Greek Art and myth Greek art has set a benchmark for Western civilization that has endured to this day. The ancient Greek models are regarded as classics and canons sculptural and architectural styles have been recreated again and again throughout the history of the West. Art and architecture developed in Greece and its colonies between 1100 BC and theRead MoreAncient Greek Art And Its Impact On Ancient Greece2002 Words   |  9 PagesAncient Greek art has been one of the most influential art forms in the past centuries. The Keros sculptures predominantly stand out while referring to the ancient Greek scluptures and art. The Keros sculptures were carved purely out of marble and were a form of Cycladic art that was created in a small island called Cyclades in 2600-2400 B.C. The Cycladic Islands of Greece are set in the Aegean Sea. The ancient Greeks called these islands the kyklades, a scattered kyklos, or circle, of islands aroundRead MoreThe Art Of Swimming : Ancient Greeks And Romans1187 Words   |  5 PagesI.) The art of swimming has been practiced since prehistoric times, some o f the earliest recording of swimming going back to Stone Age cave dwellings from thousands upon thousands of years ago. Written documents can date to 2000 BCE. Some of the earliest allusions to swimming consist of the Iliad, the Gilgamesh, the Odyssey of Homer , the Bible, Beowulf and The Quran along with other religious along with non-religious documents. In the early 16th century, a German professor by the name of NikolausRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between Ancient Greek and Byzantine Art1670 Words   |  7 Pagestheir own unique style in Greek culture and with the creation of the Roman Empire, Greek artwork had been spread throughout the region. When the empire eventually split and faded from existence, Greek artwork had left its mark on the remaining civilizations. Because Byzantium had arisen from the ashes of the Roman Empire, Byzantine artwork incorporated aspects of Greek art within their own artwork. The purpose of this investigation is to compare and contrast art in ancient Greece and Byzantium. RecognizingRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek and Roman Art Styles in the Renaissance615 Words   |  3 Pages The â€Å"Renaissance† was an important time following the Middle Ages. Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman art styles and ideas were revived during this period of time. Extravagant and detailed paintings were commissioned and featured mythological creatures from Greek and Roman culture. It was similar to an artistic revolution. One of the most famous painters from this period was Sandro Botticelli. Known for his detail included in his paintings, Botticelli went on to create paintings for influential figuresRead MoreRoman Art Of Ancient Rome1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe art of Rome is considered completed art of ancient society. Legitimately argue that, although Roman masters continued the tradition of Hellenic, yet the art of ancient Rome - an independent phenomenon, determined by the course and the course of historical events, and l iving conditions, and the originality of religious beliefs, character traits of the Romans, and other factors. Roman art as a special artistic phenomenon began to study only in the twentieth century is essentially realized onlyRead MoreGreek Material Culture1348 Words   |  6 PagesIt is easy to say, and prove, that Greek material culture reveals an immense amount about ancient Greek society. From vast studies and examinations of the great ancient Greek architecture, the immaculate fine art and literature and even the personal possessions and crafts of the societies own inhabitants, one can reason that these materials reflect much about ancient Greece and its people. From studying the architecture of this ancient society, one can assume various things about its inhabitantsRead MoreAncient Greek And Romes Impact On Western Literature1642 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact greek and roman culture had on western civilization The ancient Greeks and Romans were two of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. The two civilizations thrived in their ancient environments which eventually led to a large amount of wealth within these two cultures. It is because of this that these ancient cultures were able to make a variety of advancements in literature, architecture, art and many other fields. These two civilizations also produced some of the ancient world’s