Design a project that address a specific social issue.the project is Essay

Plan a task that address a particular social issue.the venture is action day community for individuals over the age of 65 - Essay Example Britain has around 4,000 600 grown-up day care focuses in activity giving consideration to an aggregate of 13 old individuals in England every day. More than 70% of these grown-up day care fixates work on a not for benefit or open premise. Most subsidizing for the activity of these focuses principally originates from member expenses, outsider payers, and altruistic sources. Grown-up day care is a help given to the slight, genuinely or subjectively hindered grown-ups, seniors, and their guardians. A portion of the focuses are related with multi administration substances like home consideration, helped living, nursing offices, and emergency clinics. Grown-up day care programs give grown-ups benefits in a network based gathering setting. These projects are commonly outfitted towards giving day time social and wellbeing administrations to the old who require regulated consideration away from the home, for example, transportation for day by day needs, suppers and snacks with arrangements for unique dietary needs, programs for animating exercises, open doors for social collaboration with peers and mental incitement, physical, word related, and language instruction in a non clinical setting, and help with exercises for every day needs. The principle motivation behind Veo Activity day Center is to help the old to forestall social detachment and forlornness. The decrease of social communication troubles that more seasoned individuals face, might be countered by exercises that the middle will give, for example, expressions and specialty, moving, test puzzles, table games, strolls and visits, singing, and blossom course of action. The point of Veo Activity focus will be to spur the individuals more than sixty five years by urging them to take part in the arranging of exercises inside the middle, and to help those with handicaps to be free and socially incorporated therefore offering rest to those closer to them, for example, family members and carers. Veo Activity day Center will have a task

Disaster Recovery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Calamity Recovery - Assignment Example The malware was found by Kaspersky lab professionals and who uncovered the flood of bank thefts through hacking that have been going on (Sanger and Perlroth, 2015). This financial calamity in a few banks online means that the absence of a debacle recuperation plan set up and particularly the one which goes about as a preventive arrangement. On the off chance that any of the hacked banks had established a preventive fiasco recuperation plan set up, this rate would not have influenced them. It would likewise have been identified sooner than it was and a significant part of the effectively lost cash would have been forestalled. A debacle recuperation avoidance plan guarantees that any endeavor at hacking of the financial frameworks not to mention hacking for a time of two to four months to just get input through video takes care of from employees’ PCs would have been recognized and forestalled or managed (Whitman and Mattord 148). There is critical need to address this is the banks want to beat this posse just as forestall such future frequencies. Sanger, David and Nicole Perlroth. Bank Hackers Steal Millions by means of Malware. The New York Times, February fourteenth 2015. Recovered from

the flexibility (and foundation) of human rights and humanitarian policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

the flexibility (and foundation) of human rights and humanitarian policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy Concentration (HRHPC) provides a unique perspective into today’s moral normative framework affecting international politics and policies, to the extent that these are driven by a human rights value system.  Engaging issues of international security, development, and social justice, a rights-based perspective increasingly informs the work of international organizations and agencies, as well as politicians and policy analysts.   Thus, HRHPC focuses on conceptual, rights-based issues that shape public action.   It prepares students for careers within governments, international organizations, corporations, community organizations, as well as national and global NGOs.   The field is diverse, and this is reflected in the areas where graduates work: those specializing in human rights policy may address issues such as education, security, corporate social responsibility, economic development, and social justice; those who choose the humanitarian po licy track may also find themselves engaged in advocacy, relief operations, or post-conflict recovery programs, often working in fragile states. The concentration benefits from the proximity of some of the world’s most prominent human rights institutions, especially the United Nations (e.g., the office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, with its strong investigative and normative capacities, as well as the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) and the UN programs and agencies bringing human rights into the practice of relief and development, such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNFPA.   Then, New York hosts several leading relief and advocacy NGOs, such as Human Rights Watch, MSF, the International Rescue Committee, Care International, AIUSA, Human Rights First, Open Society, the International Center for Transitional Justice, Witness, and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). All these provide ample opportunities for research and for networking, and that, in turn, facilitates internships, junior consultancies, and ultimately job openings.   Moreover, many of the concentration’s pr actitioners and adjunct faculty are drawn from this pool of knowledge and experience. The Humanitarian Policy Track is widely recognized as a leader in its field, with a focus on the policies and practices of the major humanitarian actors represented in New York. It is unique among academic humanitarian programs by emphasizing human rights as a normative framework. The current trend in the humanitarian community is moving away from a stand-alone approach (i.e. neutrality, independence, and impartiality) to a rights-based approach, linked closely to early recovery and peace-building strategies. These ties in with humanitarian action in the context of long-term recovery and restoration of rights. The HRHP Concentration offers a rigorous program combining analytical and skills-based training, including classes on diverse topics such as International Human Rights Law; Human Rights Skills Advocacy; Gender, Globalization and the Human Rights of Women; History Reconciliation; Conflict Resolution; Peacekeeping/Peacemaking; Business and Human Rights; Labor Rights; Human Rights Development; Understanding Complex Emergencies; Managing Complex Emergencies; Psycho-social Impact of Complex Emergencies; and Education in Emergencies.   There is an option to complete a dual degree program with the Mailman School of Public Health’s Forced Migration program. The flexibility of the HRHP concentration encourages students to frame their intellectual and professional interests, delving into any number of these.   The faculty combines both scholarly and practitioner perspectives, often drawn from the ranks of the many organizations in the city. HRHPC students also benefit from Columbia’s rich and diverse offering in human rights outside of SIPA, including among others the Institute for the Study of Human Rights (ISHR), the Law School, Mailman School of Public Health, School of Social Work, and the School of Journalism.  There are numerous events outside the classrooms, including the opportunity to meet with many global activists in intimate settings.  In addition the concentration provides opportunities for students to develop their own interests through student working groups, off-campus activities, and meetings with alumni. Students participate in Capstones, which enable them to gain experience working in diverse projects and with diverse clients globally.   HRHPC students can also choose to take part in the EPD Workshops. Each year, a group of students is selected to participate in a humanitarian crisis simulation, conducted by the European Union’s Network on Humanitarian Action, and hosted by the University of Bochum, Germany. These exceptional opportunities provide both stimulating learning experience and often networking possibilities.   The concentration offers many other simulations and practicums, which provide additional opportunities to bridge the analytical with the experiential knowledge, which is so critical for the field and for becoming a successful practitioner.

the flexibility (and foundation) of human rights and humanitarian policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

the flexibility (and foundation) of human rights and humanitarian policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy Concentration (HRHPC) provides a unique perspective into today’s moral normative framework affecting international politics and policies, to the extent that these are driven by a human rights value system.  Engaging issues of international security, development, and social justice, a rights-based perspective increasingly informs the work of international organizations and agencies, as well as politicians and policy analysts.   Thus, HRHPC focuses on conceptual, rights-based issues that shape public action.   It prepares students for careers within governments, international organizations, corporations, community organizations, as well as national and global NGOs.   The field is diverse, and this is reflected in the areas where graduates work: those specializing in human rights policy may address issues such as education, security, corporate social responsibility, economic development, and social justice; those who choose the humanitarian po licy track may also find themselves engaged in advocacy, relief operations, or post-conflict recovery programs, often working in fragile states. The concentration benefits from the proximity of some of the world’s most prominent human rights institutions, especially the United Nations (e.g., the office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, with its strong investigative and normative capacities, as well as the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) and the UN programs and agencies bringing human rights into the practice of relief and development, such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNFPA.   Then, New York hosts several leading relief and advocacy NGOs, such as Human Rights Watch, MSF, the International Rescue Committee, Care International, AIUSA, Human Rights First, Open Society, the International Center for Transitional Justice, Witness, and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). All these provide ample opportunities for research and for networking, and that, in turn, facilitates internships, junior consultancies, and ultimately job openings.   Moreover, many of the concentration’s pr actitioners and adjunct faculty are drawn from this pool of knowledge and experience. The Humanitarian Policy Track is widely recognized as a leader in its field, with a focus on the policies and practices of the major humanitarian actors represented in New York. It is unique among academic humanitarian programs by emphasizing human rights as a normative framework. The current trend in the humanitarian community is moving away from a stand-alone approach (i.e. neutrality, independence, and impartiality) to a rights-based approach, linked closely to early recovery and peace-building strategies. These ties in with humanitarian action in the context of long-term recovery and restoration of rights. The HRHP Concentration offers a rigorous program combining analytical and skills-based training, including classes on diverse topics such as International Human Rights Law; Human Rights Skills Advocacy; Gender, Globalization and the Human Rights of Women; History Reconciliation; Conflict Resolution; Peacekeeping/Peacemaking; Business and Human Rights; Labor Rights; Human Rights Development; Understanding Complex Emergencies; Managing Complex Emergencies; Psycho-social Impact of Complex Emergencies; and Education in Emergencies.   There is an option to complete a dual degree program with the Mailman School of Public Health’s Forced Migration program. The flexibility of the HRHP concentration encourages students to frame their intellectual and professional interests, delving into any number of these.   The faculty combines both scholarly and practitioner perspectives, often drawn from the ranks of the many organizations in the city. HRHPC students also benefit from Columbia’s rich and diverse offering in human rights outside of SIPA, including among others the Institute for the Study of Human Rights (ISHR), the Law School, Mailman School of Public Health, School of Social Work, and the School of Journalism.  There are numerous events outside the classrooms, including the opportunity to meet with many global activists in intimate settings.  In addition the concentration provides opportunities for students to develop their own interests through student working groups, off-campus activities, and meetings with alumni. Students participate in Capstones, which enable them to gain experience working in diverse projects and with diverse clients globally.   HRHPC students can also choose to take part in the EPD Workshops. Each year, a group of students is selected to participate in a humanitarian crisis simulation, conducted by the European Union’s Network on Humanitarian Action, and hosted by the University of Bochum, Germany. These exceptional opportunities provide both stimulating learning experience and often networking possibilities.   The concentration offers many other simulations and practicums, which provide additional opportunities to bridge the analytical with the experiential knowledge, which is so critical for the field and for becoming a successful practitioner.

Literature Review on Why a Single Book of The Odyssey Was My Favorite

The Odyssey the Greek hero and his return journey after the Trojan War. Odysseus’s Voyage covers extensively the Greek world. All the way through the adventures of Odyssey, gods play an immensely significant role, with many of the gods liking him. His whole journey filled with arguments amongst gods. This story is said to be historically accurate and exceptionally significant to the ancient Greeks. Ulysses is illustrated to be a skilled warrior, athlete, masterful, articulate and courageous. In his trial to return home, he meets numerous adventures like the one-eyed Cyclops and the furious; god Poseidon who try to destroy him. He also meets the seduced sirens who lure him to distract from his mission through their seductive songs. The intoxication with Circe captures him with her mysterious magic. This story appears to be hard to believe in the present epoch, with great advancement in scientific knowledge. The Greeks believed firmly that the gods were accountable for every for daily occurrences. In his absence, Penelope, Ulysses’ wife remains faithful to him. The suitors who wanted to marry Penelope. They do not recognize that Odysseus is alive but being held hostage by Calypso in her island. Telemachus, Ulysses’ son tries to protect his mother from forced marriage by throwing the suitors away even though he is too young. Zeus daughter, attempt to assist Telemachus by masquerading herself as an adviser and a friend of Ulysses; she tells Telemachus to hold a meeting and get the suitors to abscond but it fails. On a second attempt, Pallas advises Telemachus to set sail to meet Menelaus the King of Sparta and Nestor the King of Pylos. King Nester never had much to say concerning Ulysses. He just mentioned that he saw Ulysses later after the war. Nester advises them to sail with his son Pisistratus to Sparta and talk with Menelaus, the King of Sparta and friend Ulysses. When they arrived at Sparta, Menelaus informs Telemachaus that Ulysses was alive but was being h eld by Calypso. In his absence, the suitors plan to kill Teremachus. Zeus makes a decision send Hermes to save Odysseus from Calypso. After a successful conviction by Hermes, calypso set Odysseus free to sail. On the sea, he meets Poseidon, the god of the sea. Poseidon sends brutal storms to wreck the Odysseus’s ship; he had been holding a grudge against him for blinding his son. Odysseus is saved by Athena and goddess Ino and lands at scheria. Here, he is invited to the palace by the Phaeancian princess. He is promised a save passage to Ithaca and requested to give a story on his adventure up to the arrival on Calypso. Upon his arrival Odysseus is still disguised like as a beggar man, he receives many abuses and insults from the suitors. Odysseus old nurse is the only person who recognized him, but promised not to reveal to anyone. Penelope likes the ‘beggar’ and suspects him to be Odysseus. She organizes an archery competition and promises to marry the man who can shoot an arrow through a line of twelve axes and can string Odysseus’s bow. On the competition, all suitors could make it to string the bow but could not fire the arrow through the axes. Odysseus decided to take on the suitors. He alone possessed the knowledge and intelligence of the string bow. The failure of his suitors marked his acceptance back to Ithaca. Odysseus later discloses himself to the whole palace. They later travel to the outskirts of the Ithaca to meet his father, Laertes. Relatives of the dead suitors attacked Odysseus and his family, at this moment his father Laertes filled with energy by sons arrival kills Antinous’ father. The whole assault is put to and end. Zeus later sends Athens to restore peace, his land and re-uniting with the family. The long journey by Odysseus reaches its last part. Work cited Alexander, Pope. The Odyssey of Homer. London: Ingram, Cooke, and Co.,227 Stranded, 1853. 11 Nov. 2010. http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=0Y5LAAAAMAAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=The+Odysseyhl=enei=-bvbTOCTIIqZOouWveEIsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=3ved=0CDkQ6wEwAg#v=onepageqf=false

Migration in Tamil Nadu Coastel Areas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4152 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Modelling for pollutant migration in the tannery belt, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India N. C. Mondal* and V. S. Singh National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India Groundwater in and around Dindigul town in Tamil Nadu, India, is polluted due to discharge of untreated effluents from 80 functional tanneries. Total dissolved solids (TDS) in about 100 km2 area are observed ranging from 2000 to 30,573 mg/l in open dug wells. A mass transport model was constructed to study pollutant migration. The study area covering 240 km2 was chosen to construct the groundwater flow model in the weathered part of unconfined aquifer system. The shallow groundwater potential field computed through the flow model was then used as input to the mass transport model. MT3D computer code was used to simulate mass transport in groundwater system. The mass transport model was calibrated with field observations. The available database was, however, quite sparse. Notwithstanding, efforts were made to arrive at reasonable guesstimates of the characteristic parameters. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Migration in Tamil Nadu Coastel Areas" essay for you Create order Sensitivity analysis, an integral part of calibration was carried out whereby model parameters, viz. transmissivity, dispersivity, etc. were altered slightly and the effect on calibration statistics was observed. This study clearly indicates that transmissivity plays a more sensitive role than dispersivity, indicating that the migration phenomenon is mainly through advection rather than dispersion. The study also indicated that even if the pollutant sources were reduced to 50% of the present level, TDS concentration level in the groundwater, even after 20 years, would not be reduced below 50% of present level. Keywords: Dindigul, groundwater pollution, pollutant migration, tannery industry, weather zone. THE study area, a granitic rock formation in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India possesses poor groundwater potential. Serious contamination of both surface water and groundwater has been reported in this area as a result of uncontrolled discharge of untreated effluents by 80 tanneries for the last three decades1–4. The health of the rural farming community and people working in the tanning industries has been seriously affected. They suffer from occupational diseases such as asthma, chromium ulcers and skin diseases5. About 100 km2 area of fertile land has lost its fertility. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration6 in groundwater at some pockets varies from 17, 024 to 30, 575 mg/l. As the discharge of effluents continues, a prognosis of fur- ther pollutant migration is carried out using a mathematical model. A numerical model of the area was developed using the finite difference technique coupled with method of characteristics and it was also used to predict TDS migration for the next 20 years. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the parameters which influence contaminant migration. Sensitivity analysis shows that advection and not dispersion is the predominant mode of solute migration. There are a large number of reports and papers available to describe the solute transport models to study contaminant migration in the industrial belts, coastal aquifer, etc. (C. P. Gupta et al. , unpublished)7–14. The computer software MOC developed by Konikow and Bredehoeft10 based on finite difference coupled with the modified method of characteristics is used for the present study. The area is a hard-rock, drought-prone region situated in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India (Figure 1) and it lies between 10 °13? 44? –10 °26? 47? N lat. and 77 °53? 08? – 78 °01? 24? E long. It is spread over an area of about 240 km2 and is characterized by undulating topography with hills located in the southern parts, sloping towards north and northwest15. The highest elevation (altitude) in the hilly area (Sirumalai Hill) is of the order of 1350 m amsl, whereas in the plains it ranges from 360 m amsl in the southern portions to 240 m amsl in the northern part of the area. No perennial streams exit in the area, except for shortdistance streams encompassing second- and third-order drainage15,16. Run-off from precipitation within the basin ends in small streams flowing towards the main river, Kodaganar. *For correspondence. (e-mail: [emailprotected] co. in) 1600 Figure 1. Location map. CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS The average annual rainfall17 is of the order of 915. 5 mm for the period 1971–2001. Geologically, the area is occupied with Achaean granites and gneisses, intruded by dykes. Black cotton soil and red sandy soil predominate. The thickness of soil varies from 0. 52 to 5. 35 m, but thickness of weathering15 varies from 3. 1 to 26. 6 m. Distribution of the weathered zone varies from place to place within the basin, and as such this shallow zone may not be a stable source for large demands of groundwater. The weathered zone facilitates the movement and storage of groundwater through a network of joints, faults and lineaments, which form conspicuous structural features. Apart from the structural controls on groundwater movement, the terrain is covered with pediment and buried pediment at the southern and western sides. Another most dominant formation is charnokite, which is found in the extreme southern and southeastern parts of the Sirumalai Hill. Groundwater is extracted through dug well, dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells for different purposes (V. S. Singh et al. , unpublished). The general trend of groundwater motion under shallow aquifer is in the north and northwest directions (Figure 2). The groundwater quality of samples was taken twice a year from five existing dug wells (depth range 14. 00– 24. 85 m) for the period from January 1988 to July 1995 and has been monitored by Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu17. Locations of the wells are shown in Figure 1. TDS concentration observed in the field at five dug wells during January 1988, January 1990, July 1991 and January 1994 is shown in Table 1. TDS showed increasing trends. The PWD hydrochemical data indicate that major ions such as sodium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate, and total hardness are also (N. C. Mondal, unpublished Ph D thesis) high, corresponding with the high TDS. The groundwater samples were made available for January 2001 from the field. These data also could be incorporated in the present study. The statistical parameters, viz. inimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of different chemical constituents of groundwater samples are shown in Table 2. These data show that groundwater is highly polluted due to tannery effluents in the eastern side of the Kodaganar river and western side of the town6. In order to observe the distribution pattern of TDS and to demarcate the higher concentration zones in the study area, the TDS contour map was prepared as shown in Figure 3. Geometry and boundary conditions in the aquifer are generally complex, because the aquifer is in hard rock terrain. Analytical methods are rarely applicable to find a Table 1. Period January 1988 January 1990 July 1991 January 1994 TDS values (mg/l) in five-PWD wells 83029A 465 630 794 1008 83503 1760 1761 1856 2136 83514 1500 2103 2366 3210 83515A 555 762 1217 629 83029 1046 1309 1901 1958 Figure 2. 2001). Water level contours (m, amsl) and flow direction (April Figure 3. TDS contours map (January 2001). 1601 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Table 2. Minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of groundwater Ca 38 1741 288 307 Mg 1 936 145 163 Na 26 4850 348 545 K 1 215 21 34 HCO3 31 756 377 140 Cl 25 10390 1079 1560 SO4 13 961 185 161 NO3 1 252 35 44 TDS Minimum Maximum* Mean Standard deviation 349 17000 2496 2507 Ions in mg/l. *Maximum value obtained in the sample collected from the adjutancy for the tannery. Samples were collected during January 2001. Figure 4. Grid map for flow and mass transport modelling. closed form solution of the 2D groundwater flow equation18. An approximate one, which is traceable, replaces this equation only by finite difference approximation technique. It will be easy to handle for numerical compositions. The starting point for the application of this method is discretization of small rectangular sub-regions in a grid form. The partial differential equations were replaced by a finite difference equation at each node. Several techniques, such as interative alternating direct procedure, successive overrelaxation methods, etc. are available for solving the set of the resultant simultaneous algebraic equations. The main stages of mass transport modelling are as follows: †¢ Solving the groundwater flow equation using finite difference method. †¢ Estimation of fluid velocities at each node. †¢ Solving the mass transport equation using finite difference technique and method of characteristics using the flow velocities. In order to set up the model in the MODFLOW set of codes, the area of interest needs to be divided into a series of 1602 grid blocks or cells19. This grid has to be block-centred, i. e. the groundwater heads will be computed at the centre of each grid block. Taking into account that there are no steep slopes in the water table and that the areal extent of the basin in about 209 km2, a grid size of 250 ? 250 m2 (total no. of grids = 3342) was decided (Figure 4). The layer is in unconfined condition and corresponds to a layer type 1 in MODFLOW. This type of layer requires only horizontal hydraulic conductivity values as well as specific yield values to be defined. The actual values of the ground surface elevation and bottom elevation of the bedrock were entered at the model. This is a simplification of the system and can be justified by the fact that the weathering and fracturing processes actually start from the surface of the formations and gradually progress deeper. The aquifer is dipping from southeast to northwest, with variable thicknesses. In the present case, the boundary conditions had been determined based on the hydraulic condition. Initially, these values were applied in the conceptual model. Figure 1 illustrates the boundary conditions set in the area. A specified flow boundary (Neumann conditions) is one for which the derivative of head (flux) across the boundary is given. A no-flow boundary condition is set by specifying this flux to be zero19. No-flow boundary has been set in the southern part of the basin. There are two facts that justify the use of a no-flow boundary: (i) Charnokite has been characterized as practically impermeable in the conceptual model and (ii) the water table is close to the surface. A groundwater flow divide is therefore likely to occur where there is surface flow divide. The northern boundary of the area was simulated through generalized head boundary, in order to represent groundwater discharge. These values were used in the steady-state simulation. At the calibration time, due to lack of data, it was assumed as constant. Other important boundaries: (i) Weathered part of the aquifer was considered as a porous one; (ii) aerial recharge and pumpages were assigned at random and (iii) wherever dykes and exposures are present, transmissivity values were adjusted and assigned according to their direction and length. The groundwater flow regime model was prepared only for the shallow aquifer zone tapped by dug wells and dugcum-bore wells (up to 27. 68 m thickness). This implies that the deeper fractured zones do not take part either in CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS groundwater flow or in mass transport. The aquifer is also treated as a porous one for modelling purposes. TDS concentration in the surface effluents was assumed to be more than 30,000 mg/l during the period September 1988 to February 2002. The quantity of fluid effluents seeping to the groundwater system was assumed to be 30% of the surface effluents. It was also assumed that on a conservative basis the solvent reaching the water table has a solute concentration, which is 30% of that present at the surface. The remaining 70% of the solutes may get absorbed in the unsaturated zones or are carried away by the run-off. An effective porosity of 0. 2, longitudinal dispersivity of 30 m and transverse dispersivity of 10 m were uniformly assumed for the entire area. The mass transport model was calibrated in two stages: steady-state and transient state. It was also assumed that TDS did not influence by density and viscosity values, which may affect the groundwater flow and pollutant migration. The computer software developed by Konikow and Bredehoeft10, based on groundwater flow equation and the modified method of characteristics was used. Various parameters (collected from the field) were assigned to the corresponding nodes. The purpose of calibration of the groundwater flow model is to demonstrate that the model can respond to fieldmeasured heads and flows, which are the calibration values19. The purpose of this modelling exercise is to solve an inverse problem, i. . to find a set of parameters, boundary conditions and stresses that reproduce the calibration values within a certain re-established range of error (calibration targets). In this case, a trial and error calibration technique has been used. Parameters are initially assigned to each node in the grid. Then these parameter values are adjusted in sequential model runs to ma tch the calibration targets. This method was chosen because information that cannot be quantified is being used (as opposed to an automated calibration procedure). Nevertheless, this method is largely influenced by the modeller’s expertise and biases. The calibration parameters set in this modelling exercise are the generalized head boundary, recharge, evapotranspiration, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, etc. TDS concentration (C) was then calculated at all node points for September 1988, a date up to which the system was assumed to be in a steady-state condition. There was a mismatch between observed and computed values of C. Therefore, efforts were made to obtain a reasonably better match by modifying the magnitude and distribution of the background concentration and pollutant load. However, the situation could not be improved much. This may be due to a variety of factors, the most important being the lacunae and inaccuracies in the database. To obtain the real representation of the aquifer system, field data (January 2001) were considered for other steady-state condition and were also run to visualize the mass transport model. The computed versus observed C values are illustrated in Figure 5. As the steady-state model could not reproduce the observed data at all the points, a time-variant simulation was carried out. This was done for the period January 1988 to July 1995 based on available historical data. Pollution load reached the groundwater system at various clusters during this period. Computed C for five PWD wells is higher than the observed values. These values, however, could not be rectified, as there was no basis for modifying either model parameters or pollutant load in the absence of any actual field estimates. It should be mentioned here that the present model only illustrates the feasibility of applying modelling techniques to study this problem and to use it for prediction of system behaviour for some future scenarios. The impact of varying conductivity, dispersivity, and C? W (TDS pollution load at the source) was studied. Variations caused in TDS concentration at selected node points as a result of variations in these parameters are shown in Table 3. This parameter was changed by 20% (upwards and downwards) of the value assigned in the model at each node. Change in conductivity affects groundwater velocity, causing redistribution of solute concentration. In general, higher the conductivity, faster is the movement of the solute. Therefore, the concentration is reduced near the sources and increased and vice versa (see columns 3 and 4, Table 3). The longitudinal dispersivity was increased to 50 and 100 m (from 30 m). Transverse dispersivity was taken as one-third of the longitudinal dispersivity. No significant changes in TDS concentration were noticed due to increase in dispersivity (see columns 5 and 6, Table 3). This shows that advection and not dispersion is the predominant mode of solute migration in the tannery belt. The effect of varying this parameter by 20% (upwards and downwards) at 32 source points (nodes taken at the major 1603 Figure 5. Computed vs observed C in steady-state (January 2001). CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS a b c Figure 6. III). Predicted TDS concentration in (mg/l) for (a) January 2020 (scenario 1). (b) January 2010 (scenario II) and (c) January2020 (scenario tannery clusters) was examined. It was found that C rises with an increase in the pollution load C? W and vice versa (see columns 7 and 8, Table 3). 1604 A reliable prognosis of pollutant migration is possible only if a validated model is available. Notwithstanding the shortcomings of the present model, it could be used to progCURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Table 3. Target 1 16 33 35 36 38 39 58 62 64 75 77 81 K0C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1928. 0 9915. 5 5933. 2 8316. 8748. 4 16737. 0 3004. 3 3877. 8 6334. 3 2308. 0 3000. 0 2895. 0 Variation in TDS concentration for a few target points by varying K, AL and C? K1C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1931. 7 9909. 2 5778. 8 8264. 1 8629. 7 16773. 0 3003. 2 3889. 9 6191. 1 2266. 9 3000. 0 2913. 8 K2C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1938. 5 9929. 6 5864. 1 8292. 5 8688. 5 16758. 0 3004. 6 3890. 5 6198. 9 2275. 5 3000. 0 2903. 9 A1C (mg/l) 2000. 0 1925. 4 9911. 3 5972. 2 8330. 0 8781. 8 16726. 0 3004. 6 3872. 7 6392. 7 2321. 1 3000. 0 2890. 1 A2C (mg/l) 2000. 0 1925. 3 9910. 9 5970. 8 8329. 6 8782. 2 16726. 0 3004. 7 3875. 9 6392. 5 2322. 2 3000. 0 2889. 9 C1? C (mg/l) 1998. 9 1928. 3 9915. 5933. 0 8316. 0 8748. 0 16736. 9 3004. 0 3877. 6 6336. 3 2308. 6 3000. 0 2895. 0 C2? C (mg/l) 2000. 9 1928. 5 9915. 5 5933. 4 8316. 6 8748. 9 16737. 1 3004. 5 3877. 8 6334. 3 2308. 0 3000. 0 2895. 0 K0 is conductivity for calibrated model in m/d; AL = 30 m (longitudinal dispersivity); C? = 9000 mg/l (concentration); K0C is TDS concentration for K0, AL and C? ; K1C is TDS concentration for K1 = (80% of K0), AL and C? ; K2C is TDS concentration for K1 = (120% of K0), AL and C? ; A1C is TDS concentration for AL = 50 m, K0, C? ; A2C is TDS concentration for AL = 100 m, K0, C? ; C1? C is TDS concentration for C1? = 7200 mg/l, K0, AL; and C2? C is TDS concentration for C1? = 10800 mg/l, K0, AL. Targets shown in Figure 4. nosticate some general inferences. The following three scenarios were considered for predicting the extent of pollution in the area at the end of a 20-year period. TDS load remains invariant during the entire period of prediction. (ii) TDS load is increased to double the present level (January 2001) during the entire period of prediction. (iii) TDS load is reduced to half the present level. The TDS load is a result of both the effluents discharged from the tanneries and the leaching of the previous adsorbed solutes in the unsaturated zone. Thus, effectively overall discharge from the tanneries is assumed to reduce about 50% of the present level. The predicted TDS concentration level (scenario 1) for the year 2020 is shown in Figure 6 a. It can be seen that C progressively increases in the area due to continuous addition of solids to the groundwater system. The area in which TDS content in groundwater may be more than 4000 mg/l is likely to be doubled within the next two decades from the present size between the river and town, towards north and west of Dindigul town. Figure 6 b shows a comparison of observed and computed C for scenario 2. It can be seen that at the end of a 10-year period (2010), C will be the same as that for scenario 1, but may still be high at some locations. Figure 6 c shows a comparison of predicted and observed C for scenario 3. It can be seen that at the end of a 20-year period (2020), C will be reduced but may still be high at some places. At the centre of the tannery cluster, C is reduced but in the northern side it increase due to movement of pollutant due to advection. Prognosis using the model confirms that the polluted area as well as the concentration of pollutants in the groundwater will continue to increase in future. The study also indicates that even if the pollutant sources were reduced to 50% of the present CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 (i) level, TDS concentration in the groundwater, even after 20 years, would not be reduced below 50% of the original level (in 2001). To conclude: †¢ The concentration of TDS has been computed through MT3D mass transport model, starting with a background concentration of 1000 mg/l. Even though TDS has been selected for simulation of contaminant migration, the migration of any species will follow a similar pattern as mass transport is primarily driven by advection. From transient condition, it is inferred that TDS concentration has steeply increased in and around the tannery cluster. The impact of varying TDS in the tannery belt is based on advection than dispersive mechanism. †¢ Despite lacunae in the database for the modelling of pollutant migration in the aquifer, it has shown that if tannery effluents continue to be discharged a t the present level, both as regards the volume and TDS concentration, groundwater pollution will continue to increase. It has been noted that even if tannery effluents are reduced to 50% of the present level, even after 20 years, TDS concentration in groundwater will not be reduced to 50% of the original level (in 2001). However, exact quantification of the affected area and concentration of pollutants in groundwater is possible only if one could make a valid model based on a more representative and accurate database. 1. Peace Trust, Dossier on Tannery Pollution in Tamil Nadu, 2000, p. 280. 2. Mondal, N. C. , Saxena, V. K. and Singh, V. S. , Impact of pollution due to tanneries on groundwater regime. Curr. Sci. , 2005, 88, 1988–1994. 1605 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 3. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Hydrogeological, geophysical and hydrochemical studies for delineating groundwater contamination zones on the tannery belt, Tamil Nadu, India. In Proc. Int. Conf. (WE-2003, Bhopal) on Water and Environment, Ground Water Pollution (eds Singh and Yadava), Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 2003, pp. 262–277. 4. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Integrated approach to delineate the contaminated groundwater in the tannery belt: A case study. Proceeding of the 2nd Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology and Water Resources Conference, Suntec, Singapore, 5–9 July 2004, vol. II, pp. 436–444. 5. Paul Basker, J. , Tanneries in Dindigul District. Dossier on Tannery Pollution in Tamil Nadu, Peace Trust, 2000, pp. 208–210. 6. Mondal, N. C. , Saxena, V. K. and Singh, V. S. , Assessment of groundwater pollution due to tanneries in and around Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Geol. , 2005, 48, 149–157. 7. Konikow, L. F. and Bredehoeft, J. D. , Modeling flow and chemical quality changes in an irrigated stream-aquifer system. Water Resour. Res. , 1974, 10, 546–562. 8. Robson, S. G. , Feasibility of digital water quality modeling illustrated by application at Barstow, California. US Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations, 46–73, US Governmental Printing Office, Washington DC, 1974, pp. 1–66. 9. Konikow, J. F. , Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the rocky mountain Arsenel, Colorado, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2044, US Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC, 1976, pp. 1–43. 10. Konikow, L. F. and Bredehoeft, J. D. , Computer model of two dimensional solute transport and dispersion in groundwater: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the USGS, Chapter C2, Book 7, 1978, p. 90. 11. Thangarajan, M. Modeling pollutant migration in the Upper Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Geol. , 1999, 38, 209–222. 12. Rao, V. V. S. G. and Gupta, S. K. , Mass transport modeling to assess contamination of a water supply well in Sabarmati riverbed aquifer, Ahmedabad city, India. Environ. Geol. , 2000, 39, 893–900. 13. Ghosh Bobba, A. , Numerical modeling of salt-water intrusion due t o human activities and sea-level change in the Godavari delta, India. Hydrol. Sci. , 2002, 47, S67–S80. 14. Majumdar, P. K. , Ghosh, N. C. and Chakravorty, B. , Analysis of arsenic contaminated groundwater domain in the Nadia district of West Bengal (India). Hydrol. Sci. , 2002, 47, S55–S66. 15. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Aquifer modeling study in and around Dindigul town, Tamil Nadu, India. In Proc. Int. Conf. (WE-2003, Bhopal) on Water and Environment, Ground Water Pollution (eds Singh and Yadava), Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 2003, pp. 188–198. 16. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , A new approach to delineate the groundwater recharge zone in hard rock terrain. Curr. Sci. , 2004, 87, 658–662. 17. Public Works Department (PWD), Groundwater perspectives: A profile of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. PWD, Chennai, Govt of India, 2000, p. 102. 18. Rushton, K. R. and Redshaw, S. C. , Seepage and Groundwater Models, Wiley, Chichester, 1979, p. 332. 19. Anderson, M. P. and Woessner, W. W. , Applied Groundwater Modeling, Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport, Academic Press, London, 1992, p. 381. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank Dr V. P. Dimri, Director, NGRI, Hyderabad for permission to publish this paper. N. C. M. thanks the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for financial support to carry out this work and Dr M. Thangarajan, NGRI for valuable discussions. We also thank the anonymous reviewer for valuable suggestions. Received 10 January 2005; revised accepted 13 July 2005 1606 Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India R. S. Rana1, K. Kumar2,*, H. Singh1 and K. D. Rose3 Department of Geology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar 246 174, India 2 Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 General Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun 248 001, India 3 Centre for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA 1 The first assemblage of lower vertebrates comprising fish, crocodilians and snakes is recorded from subsurface beds of the Akli Formation sampled from the Giral Lignite Mine about 40 km NNW of Barmer in Rajasthan. The fish comprise sharks, rays, lepisosteids, osteoglossids, pycnodontids and enchodontids and include among others Squatina, Ginglymostoma, Jaekelotodus, and Gymnura, which previously were not known from the subcontinent, an unnamed new species of Dasyatis, and two unidentified ? ycnodontid-like teleosteans. Reptiles are represented by crocodilians and ? boid snakes. The fauna supports a Late Palaeocene–Lower Eocene age and a coastal marine deposition under tropicaltemperate conditions. Keywords: Akli lignite, Palaeocene–Eocene, Rajasthan, vertebrates. IN western Rajasthan, the Lower Tertiary successions of shallow marine sediments occur in vast peneplained, sand covered tracts in three major basins, namely Jaisalmer, Barmer and Palana-Ganganagar1–3. These shelf sediments have attained great importance during the last four decades in view of encouraging prospects of occurrence of hydrocarbon, bentonite, and fuller’s earth deposits. Despite this, their biotic content in general and vertebrates in particular remain inadequately studied apparently because of paucity of surface exposures. Open cast mines of lignite, bentonite and fuller’s earth in several areas of Rajasthan and neighbouring Gujarat offer an easy alternative to this handicap though collecting sites often vanish by the next field season. Recently we sampled subsurface beds of the Akli Formation in a lignite mine at Giral and recovered rich vertebrate fauna that formed the basis for this contribution and is significant on four counts: (i) it is the first systematic record of vertebrate fossils from the Akli Formation, (ii) it includes four selachian taxa previously unknown from the subcontinent, (iii) it provides corroborative evidence on age and palaeoenvironment of Akli lignites, and (iv) it expands *For correspondence. (e-mail: [emailprotected] res. in) CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005

Ancient Greek Art And Art - 1036 Words

Ancient Greek art has been around the world since the beginning of the history of vases, temples, and human sculptures. More specifically, Greek art is renowned for its precision to detail and the meaning of every aspect in the fine arts. The Muse Terpsichore’s sculpture will be described, compared to the statue of Venus de Milo and analyzed in the eyes of ancient Greek’s mythological knowledge. In the Muse Terpsichore, known as the Muse of dance or Stesichore (Cartwright))’s statue, the sculpture’s standing figure on its plinth and dress code define the artist’s intent to create the sculpture of a graceful woman in order to convey the beauty of ancient and fine arts when describing the human figure’s aesthetics. This sculpture is made of Parian marble and it is of Greek origin from the late 4th century BC to the mid-2nd century BC. The Muse’s hair seems to be entwined with small braids. 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Hamsters Essay Example For Students

Hamsters Essay QUICK REFERENCE FOR PROBLEMS, INJURIES AILMENTS(This section has been reviewed by Dr. Taylor Douglas, DVM, Sunriver Veterinary Clinic, Sunriver, Oregon) In general, hamsters (especially those in the wild) are robust little animals and arent affected by many natural diseases. But, they are very susceptible to the infectious diseases of other animals, including humans. Many of the problems and ailments now associated with hamsters are a direct result of captivity. Because they are small, a minor illness can rapidly become major if immediate treatment isnt pursued. Since they are nocturnal many of the early signs of illness are not noticed. To insure good health, hamsters should be checked regularly: to include eating habits, exercise habits, teeth, limbs, body check for lumps, cuts and abrasions, etc. etc. A sick hamster generally becomes irritable and bitey. They frequently become lethargic or walk almost stiff-legged if forced to move or may sit in a hunched position. The eyes are u sually dull, sunken and sometimes watery. And, they dont eat much, which results in weight loss. SYMPTOMPOSSIBLE CAUSEBlood in UrineBladder ; Kidney InfectionBloody DiarrheaIntussusceptionBreathing HeavyShock Colds ; InfluenzaBroken LimbBroken LimbBulging AnusConstipation Intussusception Rectal ProlapseClosed Eye(s)Impacted Pouch Irritated EyesConstipationEndoparasitesCrusty Lesions in ears, face, feetEar MitesCuts ; BitesAbscesses Cuts ; BitesDragging Hind QuartersBroken Limb Cage Paralysis Hind Limb ParalysisDry Scaly SkinDemodicosis Mange Mites Ringworm Sarcoptic MangeEating BabiesCannibalismEggs in FecesEndoparasitesExcessive DrinkingBladder ; Kidney Infection DiabetesExtreme DiarrheaTyzzers Disease Wet TailEye RuptureEye ProlapseFacial SwellingDental Caries Impacted PouchHair LossHair Loss Mange Mites RingwormHead TiltEar Infection StrokesInfertilityInfertilityLethargyColds Influenza Tyzzers Disease Wet TailLifelessHeat Stroke Hibernation Shock StrokesLo ng NailsOvergrown NailsLoose DroppingsAntibiotic Induced Diarrhea Diarrhea Loss of BalanceEar Infection Strokes LumpAbscesses Cancer ; Tumors Impacted Cheek Pouch Testicular tumorsOvergrown TeethOvergrown TeethParalysisCage Paralysis StrokesRunny NoseColds ; InfluenzaSalivationDental CariesScratchingAllergies Fleas Mange MitesShaking/TremblingDiabetes Heat Stroke Hibernation StrokeSneezingAllergies Colds ; InfluenzaSwollen AbdomenConstipationSwollen Eye GlaucomaTires EasilyStrokesUnable to have BabiesDystociaWatery EyesAllergies Colds ; Influenza Irritated EyesWhite Film on EyeCataractsWeight LossDiabetes Endoparasites Tyzzers DiseaseWet BottomAntibiotic Induced Diarrhea Diarrhea Wet TailWheezingAllergies Colds InfluenzaVaginal BleedingDystocia Ovarian Cystsback to top Common Problems and Ailments ALLERGIES Hamsters can become allergic to bedding (particularly cedar shavings), some foods, cigarette smoke, perfumes, furniture polish, etc. It is also thought tha t some allergies are hereditary. Increased scratching, sneezing, runny eyes, swollen feet, wheezing or white flakes around the eyes and ears after the introduction of something new are a sign of a possible allergic reaction. Remove whatever has been added to the cage or food and watch for signs of improvement. If there is no improvement within a couple of days, it might be the result of an infection and veterinarian advice should be sought. ANTIBIOTIC INDUCED DIARRHEA Antibiotics with a narrow spectrum against gram-positive organisms, especially erythromycin, penicillin, lincomycin, cephalosporin and streptomycin can cause diarrhea. Symptoms and treatment are the same are those for diarrhea. BLADDER OR KIDNEY INFECTION One of the first signs is excessive drinking, which in turn creates increased urinating. Occasionally there is blood in the urine and the hamster may squeal in pain while urinating. Immediate veterinarian assistance is required. CANCER TUMORS Both internal and ext ernal cancerous tumors can develop. The external tumors are generally noticed as a hard lump that grows rapidly. It is possible for a veterinarian to successfully remove external tumors. However, internal tumors are not normally diagnosed early enough for surgical intervention. Symptoms include weight loss and a general appearance of being ill. CAGE PARALYSIS A disorder resulting from hamsters being confined in a cage that is too small and doesnt allow it sufficient exercise. The symptoms include the hamster appearing to be semi-crippled by dragging its back end around. There is, however, a very simple cure and an even simpler preventative measure a larger cage and more exercise. It is also thought that diets low in Vitamins D and E may be a contributing factor to this condition. Vitamin supplements may be beneficial. CANNIBALISM Not a disease but normally rears its ugly face with nursing .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 , .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .postImageUrl , .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 , .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775:hover , .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775:visited , .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775:active { border:0!important; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775:active , .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775 .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab645107b229a5412b80deaebe8e4775:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes Essay Thesis

A Look at Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks

A Look at Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks Free Online Research Papers Two historical figures that I think are very important are Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. These historical figures have many things in common, but they also have their differences. One main thing they had in common was that they were both brave enough to take some actions to change the way of living for the better. Their main goal was to stop the horrible segregation that was occuring in the mid 1900s. Their brave actions were successful and they had a huge impact on the U.S. They had different ways of taking their actions but either way they were a big help to the many other African Americans that experienced segregation of public facilities at that time. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Rosa Parks, whos birth name is Rosa Louise McCauley, was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama. They were both raised a little different. King had the advantage of being raised by both his mother and father, while Parks parents seperated when she was young. They also recieved very different educations. King recieved a solid education and even attended College. Parks didnt have the chance to even finish High School. She had to drop out as a Junior in High School because since her mother and her were living with her grandparents, Parks had to leave school to attend to her sick grandmother. After that she never returned and instead got a job at a shirt factory in Montgomery. She soon married a barber named Raymond Parks who was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). With his support, Parks finished her high school degree in 1933 and became one of the leaders of the NAACP. Both historical figures had the goal of ending segregation but they had different motivations. Rosa Parks motivation was that she was tired of having to give up her seat to white passengers in public buses. At that time the city code required that all public transportation be segregated and that bus drivers had the power of a police officer to carry out the provisions of the code. African Americans had to sit at the back of the bus while whites sat in the front. If the bus got too crowded, African Americans had to give up their seat for any standing white people. Rosa Parks wanted to put a stop to this and on December 1, 1955, she did. On that day she had a long day of work at the Montgomery Fair department store. She boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus for home. The bus had became crowded so the bus driver ordered her to get up and give her seat to a white person. Rosa parks refused to so she was arrested and found guilty at trial. After learning about her arrest, other members of the NAACP began to organize a boycott of Montgomerys city buses. All African Americans stood off the buses and instead found other ways of transportation. This boycott was a success and it crippled the transit companys finances. The city of Montgomery now had no choice but to lift the law requiring segregation on public buses. These legal actions with the help of the African American community made the 382-day Montgomery Bus Boycott one of the largest and most successful movements against racial segregation in history. Martin Luther King Jrs motivation was his summer experience in the North before he started college. He was shocked by how peacefully the races mixed in the North. This experience deepened his growing hatred of racial segregation. After marrying Coretta Scott in 1953, King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. When the Montgomery Bus Boycott started, after Rosa Parks arrest, King was elected the leader. He was well-trained and since he was new in town, he didnt have any enemies and was well respected. Although his home was desroyed and his familys safety was threatened, he continued to lead the boycott and one year and a few weeks later, the citys buses were desegregated. He didnt stop there, he then organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). King lectured in all parts of the country and discussed race-related issues with civil-rights. His most famous was the I Have A Dream speech. In late October he was arrested with 33 young people protesting segregation at the lunch counter in an Atlanta department store. King was released only with the help of a Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy. As King had hoped, all these actions together had a strong effect on national opinion and resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act authorized the federal government to enforce desegregation of public accommodations and outlawing discrimination in publicly owned facilities and in employment. Aside from these differences, these two historical figures have many similarities. They were both raised during the time of racial segregation. They experienced so much hatred from these racist white people. This encouraged both of them to stand up and demand their rights as citizens. They were both important members of the NAACP and they actually worked together too. They did all they needed to do to get their freedom. Their actions placed both of them in jail but once they were out they continued to work even harder for their freedom. They were both big parts in the ending of segregation. Even after their death , they were both known as very respected and loved individuals. 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Spanish Verbs Morir and Morirse

Spanish Verbs Morir and Morirse Question: I am reading your explanation on caer and caerse and am interested to know if you have addressed morir and morirse. Not being a native speaker, those two verbs are very confusing for me and my students. Answer: Thats a great question. Although some verbs, like caer, are used in the reflexive form to indicate an unexpected action, that isnt the case with morir, which typically means to die (either literally or figuratively). In general, it is always grammatically correct to use morir (the nonreflexive form) to mean to die. Some examples: Mi perrita murià ³ hace 3 dà ­as. My puppy died three days ago. Mi padre murià ³ y no sabemos cul era su contraseà ±a. My father died, and we dont know what his password was. Si elegimos no hacer nada, entonces la esperanza morir. If we choose to do nothing, then hope will die. Muere de cncer la cantante mexicana. The Mexican singer is dying of cancer. Al menos cinco soldados murieron y ocho resultaron heridos. At least five soldiers died and eight were injured. Although not mandatory in such instances, the reflexive form, morirse can be used when speaking about a natural death, especially one that didnt come suddenly. It can also be used when speaking of friends or relatives. Some examples: Los dinosaurios no se murieron de frà ­o. The dinosaurs didnt die of cold. Mi amigo se murià ³ hace dos dà ­as en un trgico accidente. My friend died two days ago in a tragic accident. Yo me morirà © sin tus besos. I will die without your kisses. Me choca cuando se mueren los escritores que me gustan. I am shocked when writers that I like die. Mis abuelos se murieron en Colombia y yo no pude ir a sus funerales. My grandparents died in Colombia and I couldnt go to their funerals. However, this isnt a hard and fast rule. You might also think of morirse as being more informal or less serious-sounding than morir. Or you might think of morirse as a somewhat softer form of the verb. If youre uncertain which one to use, morir is probably the safer choice.

Political Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Ethics - Essay Example Many political initiatives include national health care, public education reform, the so-called digital information superhighway, affirmative action, disposal of toxic and nuclear wastes, abortion, and immigration. In each instance, the breadth of membership in a particular "we" is at issue. In some of those instances, belonging to a "we" in the first place is at issue (Bernstein, 2002). The duty and responsibility of a political leader is to change life of ordinary people and improve social institutions. In each instance, significant changes loom in the lives of those who belong to a "we." In each instance, competing proposals for transforming an institution-such as health care in the United States-are central features of the debate. n each of these contemporary cases, members of a particular "we" seek ways to protect what is important to them, and they frame the prospects for particular kinds of institutional change in such terms. Even if political leaders drop out their promises it should not considered as ethical behavior. The opportunity to retain the services in any new national system is a case in point about a politics of inclusion tied up in a politics of institutional change (Nader and Krimsky 2004). Members of the political media expose and shame the politics by singing the praises of political persons who make social contributions of their own choosing.

Business Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Communications - Essay Example In the same manner the power point presentations devised by the managers to transmit a potential business message to the target business audience also gains effectiveness in that the same contributes in development of business or in meeting objectives relating to profit and business growth. Thus the information transmitted whether through media or through power point presentations must indeed be sensible enough in meeting the information needs of the target audiences to help achieve the end objectives. Thus Jerry Weissman is definitely right in putting the statement ‘media sensibility applied to business community’. Thus a power point presentation created by a business community needs to follow or satisfy certain salient points in order to become sensible in its approach. Here the power point presentation is to be considered as a potential medium like the broadcasting programs aired on television or radio through which the right and effective message needs to be conveyed to the target audience. Firstly the presentation must be prepared to render points in a clarified fashion to help the audience get a clear understanding of the message that is needed to be conveyed. Secondly apart from having clear points of view the presentation must also have clear benefits or positive attributes such that it contributes in the development of the present business situation. Thirdly it must be kept in mid by the presenter that the information need to possess a clear flow or structure to help the target audience grab the sequence of the information flow. Overlapping or leap in the flow of the information renders confusion to the information processing function and thereby distorts the meaning of the message conveyed. Similarly in the fourth case the power point presentation must not contain information that is irrelevant or excess in nature. Rather information rendered must be effectively evaluated as such that contributes in meeting the information objectives of t he end recipient. Finally the information rendered through the power point medium must not be over exhaustive. Rather the length of the message must be cut short to reduce the element of boredom relating to the end recipients. These things kept in mind would contribute in enhancing the efficacy of the power point presentations in acting as a potential medium for transmission of business messages to the target business audiences. Therefore an efficient presenter needs to effectively evaluate the information needs of the audiences and thereby streamline essential information to satisfy end needs and objectives (Weissman 1-10). The presenter while designing an effective power point presentation must endeavor to relate the concept and understandings of the different slides so as to convey a central meaning to the audiences. Each of the different slides presented tends to put in front of the recipients an entire new story or understanding. The recipient failing to relate the story or con cepts presented in each of the different slides happens to gain significant confusion about the total presentation. This failure of the recipients in availing a central meaning distorts the level of understanding of the recipients and thereby causes the rise of perceptual differences among the participants. Participants or recipients in the power point p

The five levels of employee motivation

The five levels of employee motivation Title Impact of economic stability on the employees motivational levels and sustainability Aim The aim of this research is to find the strategies and theories of motivation for economic stability and sustainability of Sumudra Technologies Pvt Ltd employees and explore the effectual ways by examining the factors that employees made their decisions for their development. Introduction Motivation amplifies as employees or team members take pleasure in one another and struggle not to let each other down. For motivating employees organizations must always work to support employees for their sustainability and for their financial growth. Satisfied and happy employees about their work are motivated to work better in an organization. Other factors also play a vital role in motivating employees then pay rates. Therefore management must do best to make available an environment of work which increases employee satisfaction even if the market is in uncertain conditions. Then economic instabilities would never affect organizations employees bank. The Hawthorne study proves this point after conducting a research on the employee productivity and its effects on working environment (William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes and Jack R. Kapoor, 2009). Motivation leads to higher productivity and longer sustainability of employees in an organization. As self motivating is crucial for empl oyees it is also necessary for organizations to ensure that their employees are motivated. To some level, a great level of motivating employees obtains from valuable management practices. Hence this research will identify the strategies in order to motivate employees under economic instability conditions. Therefore choosing this topic for conducting research will help to learn and experience the practical conditions of employees in economic crises. Example for this topic is Sumudra Technologies Pvt Ltd. Sumudra Technologies Pvt Ltd Sumudra Technologies Pvt Ltd is a service provider of web designing and development. Company believes in thoughts as the starting and ending of all creative work. This is a total creative workshop handling a to z things of internet and intranet solutions including ASP, PHP, ASP.NET, website and brochure design and development etc. It is situated in London, and servicing to provide complete end to end internet solutions to customers requirements. Major services provided by the company are web designing and development, graphic design and SEO services, to provide these services with the best technology based solutions, company has to maintain speed in terms of following latest technological changes with the support of their employees. A discussion on the Sumudra technologies pvt Ltd issue As discussed above, it is one of the best companies to provide best internet solutions to the customers in London and it also worries about its employees pay packages due to the fear of their productivity and sustainability in their company. Though, from the employees perspective over a 3years there was about 86% higher total return to shareholder for the companies which have maintained elevated levels of trust evaluated to those with low levels of trust (Watson Wyatt, 2002). Regional or global strategies of sustainability of employees should be chosen wisely by companies. Strategies chosen according to the regional requirements would give fruitful results to companies or to individuals (SAS, 2008). Hence, company should improve its strategies of motivation and sustainability to pace according to the new changing market conditions in order to overcome the hurdles of market situations. This research work will give valuable information on how company can improve its strategies to motiv ate its employees. Literature Review Motivation Motivation is a drive which leads people towards achieving their goals. Its a enthusiasm and determination with a kind of excitement that directs one to continue to achieve greater heights, whether it is personal or professional. Motivating oneself is a continuous requirement for constant growth. Kanfer (1990) says that it is a imaginary construct that cannot be seen or cannot be felt. People can observe the impacts that are indicative of various motivation levels. Another author Pinder (1998) resolves the direction, form, strength, and duration of work-related behavior. He argues that by observing these dimensions of behavior, one can make conclusions about the effects of motivation on employees behavior (Steve M. Jex, 2002). This is a crucial factor because in economic instability of the present market conditions its very important to have a workforce with high spirits of motivation. This is a factor which normally produces results that are incompatible to study the employee behavi or. It can also be defines as the quality of actions, initiation, persistence and it can be categorized with their comparative constructs, goals and strategies. Strategies are the techniques used to get the goals and therefore to assure the goals and motives are the direct objectives of specific sequences of employee behavior. It is all about an individual moving towards the goal to understand the thing that sends them into deed. Intrinsic and extracts are the two types of motivation. These two types help to achieve and develop skills of a particular species. Jere E. Brophy (2004) says that motivation is differed from its related parts called goals, approaches which are used to achieve aimed goals and objectives. It is used to boost people to initiate useful activity sequences. Motivation is considered as an important factor in making employees upbeat and down to business which results in increasing organizations output. Levels of motivation Motivating employees would be a challenging task for management. The decision on how dedicated and committed will be an employee towards the company will totally depend on the individual employee. Here management of Sumudra technologies need to understand that applying one strategy to all employees cannot help to motivate everyone in the organization. While looking at the levels of motivation Maslows hierarchy theory of needs has helped us to guide to recognize what to look for management with their employees. Level 1: Security and safety Employees need to be assured about their safety and security at the work place; management must provide security services and create an fear free environment. Level 2: Incentives This is a level which is known by every individual. Most of the people dont work after winning a huge amount of reward. With this perception companies try to satisfy the compensation and benefits requirements of employees. Level 3: Affiliation This level discusses about the sense of belongingness. It contains being in the know and being part of the team. This is too a variance in professional and personal values can have a great affect on the motivation of employees. Level 4: Development Employees wish to have the faith that success is taking place. They feel secure, obtain all the money they want to earn and feel part of the group. But if there are no development opportunities employees think about absconding from the organization. Level 5: Life or Work Harmony Employees may have all types of rewards which are desired by them, but they will burn out closer or later if employees dont have the sufficient time to spend it on the other things they desire for (Derik Mocke, 2010). Therefore it is advisable to be aware of these five levels of motivation of employees when management employ with their employees. Company should assess what are the needs and desires of every individual employee before applying these levels in their organization. Employ with every individual and explain them about the various levels and inquire them where employees find themselves suitable on the pyramid. Engaging with greater teams and eventually with the entire company about the levels of motivation of employee etc are some points which are to be remembered when management engages these five levels with their employees. This needs a detail discussion which will be done in the research dissertation project. As there are six more steps to high levels of motivation. Thi s needs to be discussed in detail in order to understand the intensity of motivation factor when applied on employees. Theories of motivation Motivation of human beings is a study which has been carried from past many years. But none of them were not developed to explain employee behavior at workplace or were they practical enough to apply in the working environment. The following are some theories which specially explain motivation for employees. Theories of motivation are categorized into four: Require based theories explains work motivation in terms of the level to which employees satisfy their necessary needs at the place of work. Job based theories rest the resource of motivation majorly in the content of jobs that employees execute. Cognitive procedure theories highlight the decisions and choices that employees make when they distribute their attempts. Lastly behavioral approach highlights principles of learning. These will be discussed in detail in the research dissertation. Motivation and Communication Motivation is depended on having clear goals and objectives. As motivation is personal, goal is align staffs individual constrains with the companies uses in common and units in specific. Motivation can be done through communication organizational goals correctly to the employees (John Kotter, 1995). Author says to analyze how much communication of the vision is required, and then multiply that attempt with ten. He mentions that management should not limit to the meeting rooms. Actions adjoined with words are powerful communicators of the fresh ways. Here one needs to understand that transformation effort will fail if most of the employees doesnt understand, realize, commit and try to make the effort occur. The principle behind this is utilize every possible communication channel and opportunity to motivate in order to achieve the organizational goals. Teach fresh behaviors by showing the example of the guiding coalition team to the companys employees. Communication at the workplace can acquire numerous forms and has a lasting cause on motivation of employee. If employees feel that communication from organization is valuable it can show the way to feelings of employee work satisfaction, loyalty towards the company and increase trust at the workplace. This is an area of which a detail research and review is required. This will be done in dissertation part. Process of motivating employees Some standards are required to motivate the employees to achieve the objectives (quality) and to continue improvements and growth of the organization. Achievements of an organization completely depend upon the workforce and its activities so the organization will recruit the staffs who are motivated to attain the organization goals. Motivation is a key to the performance where it depends upon the environment, motivation and ability to perform the task. Motivation can be simply defined as it is an inner mental state to prompt intensity, directions and persistence. The proposed dissertation will explain about the motivation process which operates inside the individuals (Marjaana Gunkel, 2006). From the diagram motivation occurs if the employees satisfies their personal requirements and also work expectation from the company. Usually any employee can be motivated if an organization recognizes his efforts and appreciation and hence they can feel like, they are the main part of an organization or team. This process also explains about the barriers which affect the motivation process like job related, goal related, fear of failures, suspect of management, not a challenging environment, little respect, no rewards, no responsibilities. So the manager has to motivate the employees by removing these barriers to achieve the organization goals. Employees can be motivated if proper training and counseling sessions should be conducted to improve the process under the controlled conditions (David Hoyle, 2000). Sumundra technologies are also providing the motivation process to increase the employee capabilities in order to enhance the business prospects. Here the employees should have proper communication skills because this organization majorly deals with the customers throughout the world so better understanding of the customer requirements is very important. So the staff should have good communication skills to interact with the various customers and they ought to know American and UK accent to understand the clients without any disappointments (David Hoyle, 2000). Culture and leadership Culture is defined as learning values, norms, symbols, beliefs, traditions which are common to the group of people. Sharing these qualities of a group will make people unique. According to gudykunst and ting Toomey (1988), culture is the way of different customs, different scripts of group and their lives. Whereas nature of the leadership itself is the complex and it can be defined as stepping forward to solve the problems by sheer force of will. It is the influenced relationship between the followers and the leaders who plan for real revolution and outcomes to replicate their shared purpose (Richard L. Daft, 2007). The main important task that the leaders can do is, managing and creating the culture in addition to this they (leader) also have the capability to understand the work with culture. Studying the organizational culture can be focused more on performance and behavior of an employee than the values. If the interaction or the communication between the employees and management is good then the organization culture could be created. If it not good then the culture of an organization has to be changed inside and outside of an organization. But changing the organizational culture is not an easy task and it takes more time through the relationship of individuals and interactions (Mary J. Davis, 2000). Proposed dissertation will give a detailed description about the culture and leadership definitions and with some examples. It also discusses about the organizational cultures and how will be the organization if it does not maintain proper leaderships and culture inside and outside the company, how it effects on the present economy will be discussed. Present sumundra technologies are maintaining proper culture and leadership qualities among themselves. This is a corporate culture and they are completely aware of how to behave, how to understand, how to manage the things, how to communicate, how to work in a team. Their managerial staff also recognizes what the present culture is expecting, and how to nurture and feed the current culture is. Here the corporate changes has been occurred and is successful because of its good team work and proper leadership. From this I can say that culture can effect on a strong leader. And if and only if the culture and leadership of an organization is maintained well then that particular organization can give best customer satisfaction and good customer service. Psychological contract levels and factors Rousseau, D.M. (1989) describes psychological contract as an entitys belief in mutual compulsions among this entity or person and another person or party, like employer. This faith is forecasted on the perception that an exchange of promises have been prepared to which the parties are vault. Tekleab (2003) in the book Supervisor Psychological Contracts Management suggests designing realistic job previews to comprise data on employee obligations and socialization agendas to contain information on companys obligations. Psychological contract levels and individual factors that influence data formation of the contract are discussed by many authors in their articles. Like in the same book Vos et al (2005), views at how work values and locus of manage or control influenced data seeking during socialization. He also agrees that individual factors influence psychological contract level developments. But these factors are of limited significance when talking about psychological contract level s which intends to indentify organizational and supervisor chances to make easy positive psychological contracts (Maida Petersitzke, 2009). A 3rd group of extra-organizational factors contains wider political, economic and legal changes that in turn form observations of the psychological contract (Neil Conway and Rob B. Briner, 2005). Psychological contracts would be operationalised from a diversity of viewpoints. A prior cut on operationalization happens with the decision whether to focus or not on the aspects of the psychological contract considered to simplify across persons and settings. And a 2nd cut on the operationalization happens with the decision of whether to concentrate upon content, characteristics, evaluations. This refers to the terms and elements which have the contract (Rousseau, D.M. and Tijoriwala, S.A., 1998). Economic Circumstances Economic conditions play a major role in motivating employees and in creating sustainability. Assessment, tax rates, revenues, municipal debt, financial assets like development charge accounts, reserve funds, complete fire protection system charges, employment and unemployment conditions, previous and present political philosophy regarding the budget up/downs, borrowing, etc, loss affect of one employer, main industry institution, barriers to rebuilding like zoning and climatic needs are some of the economic circumstances which effects the employees (Ontario, 2010). For example decreasing prices have not allowed decreasing nominal pensions in a way of prevailing monetary circumstances. So for the time being undoing the move from payment to price indexation would result in the level of pension waiting, comparative to national income, anticipated for the year 2008 was attained in 2002. This is presented by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2004). Perceptual Process Perception or awareness is a process through which people choose, systematize, understand and react to data from the world in the region of theirs. This is the data which is collected from the 5 senses like hearing, seeing, touching, tasting and smelling. It responds to the psychological process whereby people take data from the atmosphere and make sense of their particular worlds (Don Hellriegel and John W. Slocum, 2007). Perceptual process permits management to test their present level of perceptual expertise. Perception engages several sub-processes like Stimuli, attention, translation, recognition, behavior, performance and satisfaction etc are some of the things which takes place only after giving some attention to them (Perception, 2010). Sumudra Techonologies pvt ltd has to know and understand all these procedures and processes to motivate and sustain their existing employees. Conclusions According to the discussion happened above makes clear that there are some questions which have risen out from the initial literature review: There is a minute literature which examines theories of motivation. There is also a minute literature that investigates theories and processes of motivation with respect to Sumudra technologies. There is no literature that evaluates Sumudra Technologies management in detail. There is no discussion about the surveys of relationship between motivation and communication. There is no research that scrutinizes the benefits of motivating employees by Sumudra Technologies Company. There is also no literature that revises the gap of perceptual apprehension recruitment management among management and employees concurrently. There is no discussion done on the sustainability benefits which can be earned if Sumudra technologies motivate their employees in down turn economic situations too. Therefore, this proposal proposes the following objectives for the proposed dissertation: To find out the effect of economic instability on the Sumudra Technologies employees motivation levels. To identify the advantages of motivating employees in Sumudra Technologies Pvt Ltd. To examine the sustainability aspect of employees in detail. To study the various elements of motivation theories and levels in order to fulfill the proposed aim for the dissertation. To suggest Sumudra Technologies to the way that its motivational strategies are able to manage employees effectively. Hence there is need for conducting enough research on this topic to know the sustainability and motivational levels of employees to be consistent in this company. Bibliography David Hoyle (2000), Automotive quality systems handbook, A division of reed educational and professional publishing limited, Linacre house, Jordan hill. * Derik Mocke (2010), The Five Levels of Employee Motivation, [Internet] Available at URL: , [Accessed on 1st April, 2010]. Don Hellriegel and John W. Slocum (2007), Organizational Behavior, Published by Cengage Learning, ISBN: 0324377126. Jere E. Brophy, (2004), motivated students to learn, published by Routledge, pp.418. John Kotter (1995), Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail, Harvard Business Review, pp. 3. Maida Petersitzke (2009), Supervisor Psychological Contracts Management, Published by Gabler Verlag, pp. 377. Marjaana Gunkel (2006), Country-compatible incentive design: a comparison of employees performance reward preferences in Germany and the USA, Published by Springer, pp. 189. Mary J. Davis (2000), TCRP synthesis, Published by Transportation Research Board, pp. 91. Neil Conway and Rob B. Briner (2005), Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work: a critical evaluation of theory and research, Published by Oxford University Press, pp. 226. Ontario (2010), Economic Circumstances, Economic considerations, [Internet] Available at URL: , [Accessed on 5th April, 2010]. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2004), OECD Economic Surveys: Japan 2003, Published by OECD, pp. 224. Perception (2010), Elements of Perception, [Internet] Available at URL: , [Accessed on 4th April, 2010]. Richard L. Daft (2007), The Leadership experience, Published by Cengage Learning, pp. 493. Rousseau, D.M. (1989), Psychological and implied contracts in organizations, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, 2, 121-139. Rousseau, D.M. and Tijoriwala, S.A. (1998), Assessing psychological contracts: Issues, alternatives, and types of measures, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 679-695. SAS (2008), Sustainability across Borders, [Internet] Available at URL: , [Accessed on 30th March, 2010]. Steve M. Jex (2002), Organizational Psychology: a scientist-practitioner approach, Published by John Wiley and Sons, pp. 540. Watson Wyatt (2002), Weathering the Storm: A study of employee attitudes and opinions, [Internet] Available at URL: , [Accessed on 29th March, 2010. William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes and Jack R. Kapoor (2009), Business, Published by Cengage Learning, pp. 627.

That Was Then :: Writing Education Essays

That Was Then ...Oh. It's you. Hi... ...O.k., well, here's the thing. I was looking at this paper that I had written a long time ago... ...Well, it seems like a long time ago. Anyway, as I was saying, I was reading this paper and I said to myself, I said self, what's up with this? I mean it was so obvious to me that I had no clue as to what to write about... ...Why is it obvious I had no clue? Well that's easy. I have no clue as to what I was trying to say and I wrote the thing. I mean I read it over a couple of times and tried to understand it, I just couldn't. The only thing I could get from the thing is that I most likely wrote it at the last minute and made it up as I went along. It's like I didn't put any thought into it at all. I mean come on - college is like a chair?... ...Why is that bad? Because I claimed to be able to sit on my college education if all else fails. What the hell did I mean by that?... ...Try to analyze it all you want. The fact remains that it even fell one paragraph short of the perfect theme paper. The only thing I can say is that it sounds like I am tired of writing papers... ...O.k. Maybe I am being a little hard on myself. After all, it was the beginning of the quarter and I had no idea as to what type of writing I could get away with. I mean, for so long now I have had to write to fit the criteria that was expected by a particular teacher/professor. I was limited as to what I could say and how I could say it. Now suddenly I'm supposed to believe that a professor is going to accept my writing in the manor in which I choose to write? Yeah right. I would guess I basically took the safe rout on that paper. I should have gone with a metaphor of Jeopardy. I know I could Have been more creative with that. It's kind of funny reading the paper again after so much time has passed. It sounds like I was trying to convince myself that I believed what I was writing along with trying to convince a professor.