LEGAL SYSTEM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LEGAL SYSTEM - Essay Example The legal system comprises of the various concerned parties of the legal framework namely the court of laws, the lawyers, the plaintiffs, the official staffs of the court of law, the judges and also the society at large as often the judgment are held as records for future purposes and it becomes binding among the people. It was believed that the civil justice system in the United Kingdom was one of the best systems in the world. But like many other nations, any court case called for extensive use of scarce resources like time and money. In order to avoid those, a committee under the chairmanship of Lord Woolf came up with certain recommendations, popularly known as Woolf Reforms, which envisaged reducing the use of time and money in the legal system. This paper aims to provide a critical view of the legal system of United Kingdom especially of the civil justice system with respect to the Woolf Reforms. The United Kingdom comprises of three different jurisdictions namely England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, all with different court system and distinct court system. The civil justice procedure, for which Lord Woolf had elaborate recommendations commences with the County Courts at the bottom of the system. The High Courts of the United Kingdom are basically divided into three divisions like Queens Bench, Family and Chancery. High Courts act as the court of appeals for minor cases as well as court of first instance for major cases. One can appeal the cases also to Court of Appeal (Civil Division). In the United Kingdom, it is the House of Lords that act as the supreme court of appeal where the Law Lords or the thirteen judges designated for the appeal hear the cases. The other indispensable part of the legal framework also comprises of the civil court Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that looks after the matters of the civil justice that arises in the overseas territ ories of United

Phonics in Early Years Teaching

Phonics in Early Years Teaching Reading is important and motivates students to communicate and think critically and empowers them to learn a variety of lessons. Students in primary schools are still weak and not interested in reading either English or Malay books. They fall short in exams as they have not mastered reading skills and if this weakness is not rectified early, it will be disastrous for a student at secondary level. Reading is a complicated process more accurately described as a number of cognitive processes happening at the same time Hjh. Hasnah Kula , the Senior District Education Officer ( Brunei III ) emphasized how important reading ability in Brunei is and this ability needs to be cultivated from the early years (Primary school) . Reading is about understanding written texts. It is a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. Reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and comprehension. Word recognition refers to the process of perceiving how written symbols correspond to ones spoken language. Comprehension is the process of making sense of words, sentences and connected text. Readers typically make use of background knowledge, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, experience with text and other strategies to help them understand written text. Teaching struggling readers to read takes time and patience. Many teachers are concerned about the numbers of elementary children who struggle with reading. Such concerns are warranted. Studies indicate that when students get off to a poor start in reading, they rarely catch up. Struggling readers encounter negative consequences such as an assignment to special education classrooms or participation in long-term remedial services. Further, as they progress through the grade levels, the academic distance from those who read well grows more pronounced (The Learning First Alliance, 1998; Rashotte, Toregesen, Wagner, 1997; National Reading Panel, 1999; Torgesen, 1998). Why do some students struggle with reading and what can be done to increase their success? These questions plague teachers and parents and are ones that compelled them to search for answers. 1.1 Background of the study Decoding is the ability to apply the knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words. Understanding these relationships gives children the ability to recognize familiar words quickly and to figure out words they have not seen before. Although children may sometimes figure out some of these relationships on their own, most children benefit from explicit instruction in this area. Phonics is one approach to reading instruction that teaches students the principles of letter-sound relationships, how to sound out words, and exceptions to the principles. Therefore, appropriate early direct instruction seems to be the best medicine for reading problems. Reading is not developmental or natural, but is learned. Reading disabilities reflect a persistent deficit, rather than a developmental lag in linguistic (phonological) skills and basic reading skills. Children who fall behind at an early age (K and grade 1) fall further and further behind over time. Longitudinal studies show that of the children who are diagnosed as reading disabled in third grade, 74% remain disabled in ninth grade (Fletcher, et al., 1994; Shaywitz, Escobar, Shaywitz, Fletcher, Makuch, 1992; Stanovich, 1986; Stanovich Siegel, 1994). Lack of phonemic awareness seems to be a major obstacle to learning to read (Vellutino Scanlon, 1987a; Wagner Torgeson, 1987). However,in Brunei , it was only in Year 2009 that the phonics approach for teaching reading was introduced . It is one of the approaches that is included in the new educational system,known as the SPN21, where the phonics approach needs to be implemented in teaching reading and writing to Preschool and Year 1 students . The action was also taken in response to a national report which indicates that about 76 percent of students in Year four and 44 percent of students in Year six had not learnt the basic literacy skills in Brunei ( National Study of Student Competencies in Mathematics and English , 2008). In an effort to introduce teachers to the phonics approach, the Ministry of Education had conducted workshops especially for the English language teachers which aims to provide them with the phonics approach knowledge and how it is taught . 1.2 Statement of the Problem Having an effective teaching instruction such as the phonics approach to teach reading in a classroom would be a relief for any teachers who face problems with students who are unable to read . However, not all students could achieve the same level of reading in a classroom even though the same approach was used and was found to be effective with others. While most students are ready to read on a higher level, effective classroom teachers might recognize that some students are lagging in reading skills. Those students who are not strong readers often are not as successful as they could be in a given content area. Their progress is slow without the help of an observant and effective teacher. This is where a remedial reading program is needed to help these struggling readers to read . In most schools in Brunei, children who have problems in reading are placed in a remedial program through a pull-out system (students are taken to a special room during a particular lesson for a remedial session ) which is run by a special education teacher . However, the remedial lessons were usually implemented for teaching reading in Bahasa Melayu and as a result the reading problem in the English language remains . As for the school in this study,the remedial reading session was run on the initiative of the English language teacher during the English lesson itself. This was seen to be ineffective because this respective teacher found it difficult to provide extra time during the lessons to help these difficult readers because the teacher would also need to deal with some other average students who might need help during the lesson . Therefore,the remedial reading sessions were not consistently done with these difficult readers. A successful remediation requires direct, intensive intervention with an effective program. Effective remediation is not teaching down to a lower level, helping the students learn ways to manage his reading difficulties, or continuing practice of impaired reading. Effective remediation directly builds necessary skills so the students acquire the necessary skills and can advance. To read proficiently the student needs to convert print to sound and develop phonologic processing pathways. ÂÂ  After fundamental phonemic processing is established the student needs to build advanced skills. Effective reading remediation programs directly develop all skills necessary for proficient reading. Phonics could be useful to teach reading to difficult readers in the Primary school, especially in terms of getting them familiar with the sounds of each letter. Moreover, they need a program which can help them to read in a short period of time so that they might not fall back too far from other students of their levels. Ignoring them and hoping that somehow they would catch up and be able to read like their fellow classmates is likely to create problems in the future. 1.3 Purpose of the study This study aims at achieving the following objectives : To explore the implementation of the remedial reading program using the phonics approach for difficult readers in a Year 4 class. To measure the reading achievement of these difficult readers within 3 weeks of daily remedial sessions (30 minutes per day). To promote a suitable time (outside the classroom lesson) for the teacher to run a remedial session with the difficult reading students. 1.4 Research Questions How is the remedial reading session in the school being conducted? How much is the phonics knowledge being included in the program? What is the impact of a constant reading remedial session with difficult readers on their reading performance using a Synthetic phonics approach? To what extent would a morning session hours (before the classroom lesson) and recess hours could be spent for remedial reading session . How much could the students improve from these sessions? 1.5 Significance of the study One of the major struggles of the primary school teachers is how to identify the most effective ways to teach their students how to read, especially with all the different learning styles among children. Children come to school with varied reading abilities and literacy experiences. All children have the ability to learn to read but at different rates and in different ways (International Reading Association, 2000; Moore Whitfield, 2009). It is essential for a teacher to have a comprehensive knowledge of the reading process, the ability to observe and assess a students strengths and weaknesses, and the ability to adapt ones teaching in response to the learning needs of the students (International Reading Association, 2000). It is the responsibility of the teachers to provide reading instruction that meets the needs of these diverse students. Teaching students to read is one of the most challenging things in teaching because teachers would need to be alert with their teaching approaches or instructions so that they meet each and every children needs in learning to read .And while many children follow a typical pattern while learning to read that allows their individual differences to be met with one program, those who do not follow that pattern often fall behind. Many remedial programs are simply a slower version of reading programs used for typical students, but these dont necessarily work for atypical learners. Thats why it might be more effective to develop remedial programs for specific students. Therefore, throughout this study, it was hoped that the result of the research can be beneficial for English teacher in structuring a remedial program for their difficult readers and to get them to reflect on their efforts in helping the these students to learn reading . It was also hoped that the results would be able to make the teachers, school administrator and the curriculum developers of the school under study to realize how important a synthetic phonic approach is to be included in the remedial program . 1.6 Limitations of the Study This study however has its limitations . These include the length of research time , small samples used and also the different reading difficulties of the participants . The sessions were conducted over a three-week period only where the participants were taught five times in a week ( 2.5 hours in total) . The study only involved two students from a Year 4 class in a selected school in Brunei Muara District (small sample size) . The reading difficulties of the participants might be different from others because difficult readers might have so much difficulty in applying the phonics skills and therefore this might vary the instructional approach used in this study with other settings. Thus , the findings of the study should be interpreted with these limitations in mind . 1.6 Definition of Terms The terms below were used in this study: Letter- sound relationship : Skills associated with sound-letter knowledge: the awareness of how spoken sound and written letters relate to each other in the English language the names of letters and the sounds associated with them the ability to recognize words previously seen the ability to apply knowledge of how sounds and letters are related to each other to figure out the pronunciation of words not seen before, which is known as decoding (Shedd, 2008) Phonemic Awareness This skill involves the ability to manipulate and understand sounds, and the relationship between sounds and words. For example, children learn to recognize that two words sound alike (or rhyme), and can identify the first or last sound in a word. They are able to manipulate sounds in words to make up new words (eg might without the /t/ sound is my), and recognize that sentences are made up of separate words. (http://elr.com.au/phonological/design.htm#a03) Difficult Readers Students with the following reading problems : difficulty in matching sounds and letters has trouble in reading and spelling phonetically decode in a very laboured manner Remedial Lessons Lessons conducted especially to help low achieving students which is designed to help these students to improve and simplify their learning difficulties and to catch up with other fellows of the same levels. Phonics Teaching reading by training the students to associate letters with their sound values.

Health Care Interpreting Essays -- Communication, Bilingual People, Tr

Introduction As the demand of health-care interpreting is growing, health institutions need more professional medical interpreters. As an interpreter, however, many untrained bilingual people interpret between the patients and the medical practitioners in medical setting in Korea. When the interpreters who are related to the patient interpret for the patient and the medical practitioners, impartiality sometimes is challenged because it is difficult to adhere to neutrality when their relatives or friends are involved. This paper is aiming to figure out the principle of impartiality which seems to be most challenged and consequences of using relatives and friends as the interpreter drawn from my own interpreting experience in medical settings. Description When I was in Korea, I used to be a volunteer interpreter in international clinic. As a volunteer interpreter, my job was not demanded professional medical interpreting skills. One day, I got a call from a nurse who had a foreign patient. She told me that the patient was an English man and he needed an interpreter when he sees a doctor. The nurse also said that this consultation did not contain serious or difficult medical terminology. When I went to the waiting room, I recognized that he is my former English professor. He also remembered me so we exchanged greetings. While we were exchanging greetings, the nurse asked about our relationship and I told her that I took his class in last semester. When the nurse heard my story, she said that it might be good if the patient has a company who know him. At that time, I thought that our relationship, professor and student, would not be a problem to be an interpreter for him. Therefore, I showed him into the doctor’s room and started ... ... the patient. As a matter of situation and literature, I believe that the interpreters should not take an assignment which is related to the interpreter in medical setting. However, if the relationship with the patient is leading to successful consequences, the interpreters should take an assignment as the patient’s needed. Conclusion The top priority of the medical interpreters is removing language barrier between the medical practitioners and the patients and helping the patients to treat properly. Indeed, impartiality can be challenged in medical setting. However, some articles are pointed out that the interpreter who is related to the patient is not always harmful to the patients and the medical practitioners. Therefore, when the medical interpreters take an assignment, they should consider what the best is for the patients and the medical practitioners.

The Acl Injury Pathology Health And Social Care Essay

Before we begin to measure Mr. Lachmans hurt, we foremost need to hold an apprehension of the ligament that we suspect has been affected ; the anterior cruciate liagament ( ACL ) . The ACL is one of four major ligaments found in the articulatio genus, the others being the Posterior Cruciate Ligament ( PCL ) , Medial Collateral Ligament ( MCL ) and Lateral Collateral Ligament ( LCL ) , and it ‘s function is to forestall anterior tibial supplanting ; or send on motion of the shinbone from underneath the thighbone. ( Gray ‘s Anatomy )DefinitionAn anterior cruciate ligament hurt ( ACL ) is the overstretching or lacrimation of the anterior cruciate ligament located in the articulatio genus articulation. It is the most often lacerate ligament of the articulatio genus harmonizing to a reappraisal of the literature by ( Beynnon et al 2005 )EtiologyAn ACL hurt normally takes topographic point in athleticss that require crisp motions and sudden fillet gestures. Mr Lachman plays hoc key and this is decidedly a athletics that would fall into that class. The existent hurt, normally occurs when you all of a sudden decelerate down or change your way whilst your pes is planted steadfastly on the land, which can take to writhing of the articulatio genus. Other incidents Landing awkwardly from a leap can besides wound your ACL, as can falls during declivitous skiing. A football tackle or motor vehicle accident besides can do an ACL hurt. However, most ACL hurts occur without such contactSigns and symptomsImmediately post hurt, the country around the articulatio genus may exhibit swelling. The topic will besides most likely experience instability of the articulatio genus and will happen weight bearing unbearable due to trouble. Many people have described an hearable popping noise in their articulatio genus at the minute of hurt.DiagnosisA thorough subjective and nonsubjective scrutiny from a physical therapist is normally sufficient to name an ACL tear. Probes such as an X ray, MRI scan or CT scan may be required to corroborate diagnosing and find the extent of harm or engagement of other constructions within the articulatio genusTreatmentDepending on the badness of your ACL hurt, intervention may include surgery to replace the lacerate ligament follo wed by rehabilitation exercisings to assist you recover strength and stableness.ComplicationsPeoples who experience an ACL hurt are at higher hazard of developing articulatio genus degenerative arthritis, in which joint gristle deteriorates and its smooth surface roughens. Arthritis may happen even if you have surgery to retrace the ligament.PrognosisWith appropriate direction, most patients with a minor to chair ACL tear ( grades 1 and 2 ) can return to feature or normal activity within 2 – 8 hebdomads. Patients with a complete rupture of the ACL will often necessitate surgical Reconstruction followed by a drawn-out rehabilitation period of 6 – 12 months or longer to derive optimal map. Patients who besides have harm to other constructions of the articulatio genus such as the semilunar cartilage or collateral ligaments are likely to hold an drawn-out rehabilitation period. Beynnon B D Johnson R J Abate J A Fleming B C Nichols C E ( 2005 ) ‘Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Part I. ‘ The ACL is the most often, wholly disrupted ligament in the knee,196 and although this hurt is comparatively uncommon in the general population,64 it occurs often in sports, peculiarly among female jocks. 19,20,120 Although the incidence rate of ACL cryings for female jocks scopes between 2.4 and 9.7 times greater than that of male jocks viing in similar activities ( Table 1 ) , Â § overall, there are more ACL Reconstructions performed on males in the United States because more males take part in at-risk athleticss, for illustration, American football.227 The lone survey on the prevalence of ACL hurts in the general population has estimated the one-year incidence rate as 1 hurt for every 3500 people, ensuing in about 95 000 new ACL breaks per twelvemonth in the United States.64,191 This estimation is low because more than 100 000 ACL Reconstructions are performed per twelvemonth in the United States.227 The ACL is one of the most of import ligaments of the articulatio genus, giving it stableness. The ACL achieves this function by forestalling inordinate distortion, straightening of the articulatio genus ( hyperextension ) and forward motion of the shinbone on the thighbone. When these motions are inordinate and beyond what the ACL can defy, rupturing to the ACL occurs. This status is known as an ACL tear and may run from a little partial tear ensuing in minimum hurting, to a complete rupture of the ACL ensuing in important hurting and disablement, and, potentially necessitating surgery. An ACL tear can be graded as follows: Grade 1 tear: a little figure of fibers are lacerate ensuing in some hurting but leting full map Grade 2 tear: a important figure of fibers are torn with moderate loss of map. Grade 3 tear: all fibers are ruptured ensuing in articulatio genus instability and major loss of map. Often other constructions are besides injured such as the semilunar cartilage or indirect ligaments. Surgery is frequently required.

Islam’s View on Suicide Essay

Islam views human life as a gift and something sacred that should be protected for the sake of Allah Ta’ala. No Muslim should take his or her life for granted. In the Qur’an, Allah speaks to His followers and educates them on their purpose of life: â€Å"And I (Allah) created not the jinn and mankind except that they should worship Me (Alone)†. (Adh-Dhariyat: 56). This indicates that humans should continue living to worship their Lord. Through other verses, Muslims are protected from death through various forms of worship. â€Å"He has forbidden you only the carrion (flesh of dead animals), and blood, and flesh of swine, and that which is slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than Allah (or has been slaughtered for idols, on which Allah’s Name has not been mentioned whilst slaughtering). But if one is forced by necessity without wilful disobedience nor transgressing due limits, then there is no sin on him. Truly, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. â€Å"(Surah Al-Baqarah: 173). These forbidden foods can only cause harm upon a person in the long-run and therefore a Muslim is forbidden to consume them. Consumption of prohibited substances will only entice death. Similarly, alcohol, cigarettes and drugs are explicitly shunned in Islam. During the one month fast of Ramadhan, Muslims appreciate hunger during the day. At the end of the month, they appreciate the life that they are given the opportunity to live with the bounty that Allah bestows upon them. Muslims believe that death is ordained by Allah and no person will die until his or her time is duely prescribed: â€Å"And no person can ever die except by Allah’s leave and at an appointed term† (Imraan: 145). Suicide in Islam Suicide is prohibited in Islam. As killing is prohibited in Islam, killing one’s self amounts to murder. Strict warnings appear in the Qur’an as relayed below: â€Å"Do not take life, which Allah made sacred, other than in the course of justice,† (al-Israa’: 33); and If anyone kills a person – unless it be for murder or spreading mischief in the land – it would be as if he killed the whole of humanity (al-Ma’idah :32) Suicide, generally, is seen as a result of cowardice. Someone who wishes for an easy way to escape from stress and related difficulty in his or her life, sometimes entertain suicide. This type of mentality is frowned upon in Islam as Muslims believe that Allah would never burden a believer more than he or she can bear. It is through a Muslim’s intellect and perseverance, coupled with a lot of faith, that he or she should continue to overcome worldly obstacles by submitting to the Creator. More importantly though, many factors can lead to suicide. Among them are depression, substance abuse, personal losses and problems, personal health and disability. (a) Depression Depression is a medical condition that needs to be treated. A person who has an isolated and detached lifestyle including mental ability, sleeping patterns, the inability to socialise, eating disorders and a dangerous aptitude of stress is most likely to fall under the category of depression. If this person still has the ability to decide for him or herself, treatment should be sought immediately. Alternatively, friends and family who suspect this person is entertaining thoughts of suicide, must seek help from medical practitioners. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings upon him) reminded his followers that â€Å"Allah had not created any disease (except for cancer) without a cure for it,† (Bukhari). It is therefore vital for a person suffering from depression to seek medical attention. (b) Substance abuse Substance abusers can be often lead to suicide through overdoses. Anything that harms a human’s health is considered as haraam (prohibited). Substances that are intoxicating, such as cigarettes and alcohol have no benefit to mankind. On the contrary, they are harmful to the user and those who surround him or her. Even if this person does not overdose in the short run, steadfast addiction to either can cause cancer in the long run, a disease that does not have a cure. The same ruling applies to the use of drugs. â€Å"Every intoxicant is Khamr, and every Khamr is haram,† (Muslim) (c) Personal losses and problems The loss of a loved one can spark suicidal tendencies. Practicing Muslims however accept death as part of life. The saying â€Å"inna lillahi wa innalillahi rajiun† implies that Muslims accept that from Allah they originate from and to Allah they will return. Muslims accept the passing of a loved one calmly with prayers for his or her happiness in the after life. Personal problems are amass in today’s society. Many people are especially burdened by mounting financial debt. This is usually due to poor planning of resources. Though difficult to overcome, emerging from a financial difficulty is possible. Muslims are prohibited to leave debt when passing, so it is only wise to eliminate debt rather than end one’s life. The first step would be to remove the element of riba (interest) from financial holdings – whether they are assets or liabilities. Pay off all interest first. In assets such as savings accounts, remove all interest income by donating them to charity. When interest is removed, it will be easier to pay-off loans and an opportunity to start saving money will also unfold. Allah condemns usury, and blesses charities. Allah dislikes every disbeliever, guilty. O you who believe, you shall observe Allah and refrain from all kinds of usury, if you are believers. If you do not, then expect a war from Allah and His messenger. But if you repent, you may keep your capitals, without inflicting injustice, or incurring injustice. If the debtor is unable to pay, wait for a better time. If you give up the loan as a charity, it would be better for you, if you only knew. (Baqarah: 276-280) Engaging in a professional financial planning service will induce healthy spending tendencies. (d) Personal health and disability Again, Muslims are not to be disheartened by continuous pain and suffering endured in life. In fact, these experiences expatiate sins. The more suffering a Muslim is subjected to during his life-span, the easier his condition will be during the hereafter. Suicide is not an option. â€Å"Be sure We shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods, lives, and the fruits of your toil. But give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere. Those who say, when afflicted with calamity, ‘To Allah we belong, and to Him is our return. ‘ They are those on whom descend blessings from their Lord, and mercy. They are the ones who receive guidance. † (Baqarah:155-157) Patience is prescribed for Muslims undergoing undue stress. There are blessings in overcoming hardship and the first step to doing this is to patiently accept the course of obstacles with determination and strength. There are cases where a patient who is enduring continuous pain, and is most probably bed-ridden, requires his or her life to be terminated. This is called euthanasia, or mercy-killing. In some cases, a family member or close friend â€Å"feels† that the patient will be better off deceased, and requests for his or her life to end. Muslims are disallowed from practicing euthanasia. â€Å"And do not kill yourselves. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you†. (An-Nisa: 29). Assisting a person to terminate his or her life is unlawful in Islam as this translates into assisting suicide. There are blessings in suffering and a person’s life is still as valuable as it would be should he or she be perfectly healthy. A person must continue living until his or her time is due. â€Å"And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by way of justice and law,† (Al-An`am: 151). In a case where a person is proclaimed as brain-dead and does not feel any pain, a doctor may recommend terminating the use of the life-support machine. This machine is keeping the patient â€Å"alive† when he or she is actually is not. If there is medical justification that there is nothing in the power of the practitioners to be able to cure the patient in question, it is permissible for families of the patient to discontinue the use of the life-support machinery and allow nature to take its course. Suicide in the news: Suicide Bombing Suicide bombing is synonymous with Muslim followers in the mainstream media. Suicide bombers reap more attention than those who illegally invade countries, causing the lives of innocent civilians – some in their own homes. Suicide bombing entails a person killing him or herself through an explosion of a bomb. This explosion also encroaches of lives around the suicide bomber. Countries like Palestine and Iraq have been warped with suicide bombing. Islam, no doubt, is a religion of peace, and never condones any form of violence. Having said that, Islam disallows oppression in any way. It is not permissible for a Muslim to be an oppressor nor is it allowed for him to be oppressed and remain to be oppressed without seeking options of overcoming such violation of basic rights. A Muslim thus, is required to seek mediation and negotiation with the oppressing party, to release him, his family, his community and country from the shackles of violence. Since Muslims are bound only by Allah’s law, it is prohibited for a country to have the nation’s freedom curbed by an illegal invasion, all in the name of justice. Should there no means of disentangling a country’s operation from being ruled by a foreign party, Muslims sometimes do have to resort to violence in order to regain their rightful land. War is allowed in Islam when a Muslim party requires to defend their land, property and family. Defending a country for the sake of Islam, is mandatory upon every Muslim, man or woman. For example, in the case of Iraq, inhumane sanctions are being imposed on innocent civilians of the country. There are no medical facilities to allow recovery from alien bombs and fire. Children are being killed every day. Women are sexually assaulted. Iraqis are being beaten, wrongly imprisoned and killed by the minute. The country is constantly under attack by missiles and bombs that are released from the air. How are Muslims in this care required to fight? Suicide bombing here is reflected as a need to curb attacks upon innocent people. The Islamic Fiqh Academy affiliated to the OIC, in its fourteenth session, held in Duha (Qatar) 5–13 Dhul-Qi`dah1423 A. H., 11–16 January 2003 C. E. states: The Islamic Fiqh Academy stresses that martyr operations are a form of jihad, and carrying out those operations is a legitimate right that has nothing to do with terrorism or suicide. Those operations become obligatory when they become the only way to stop the aggression of the enemy, defeat it, and grievously damage its power. According to a fatwa issued by Sheikh Faysal Mawlawi, deputy head of the European Council of Fatwa and Research (ECFR), not only are these suicide bombers unassociated with suicide, they are neither terrorists. In fact, these suicide bombers are known as martyrs: those who risk their lives in defense of their country, property, family, and foremost, religion. It is not befitting for a suicide bomber in this context to be condemned. Allah Ta’ala narrates: â€Å"And spend of your substance in the cause of Allah, and make not your own hands contribute to (your) destruction; but do good; for Allah loveth those who do good,† (Baqarah: 195). In the case of Palestine, civilians suffer from displacement of their own kind to aggressive occupation. Such occupation has been in operation for years on end. All Israeli civilians who are occupation of Palestine, are seen as oppressors. In this case, Sheikh Faysal Mawlawi stresses that the demise of non-aggressive Israelis through suicide bombing also constitutes martyrdom and not terrorism. He continues to state that though Muslims should target military personnel over the lay-civilian, every Israeli who is living in hostility on Palestinian land should also be removed as they themselves continue to violate Muslims right to Holy land and to the Holy Masjid of Al-Aqsa. According to Sheikh Faysal, Muslims should retaliate the way they are too, being attacked, and in this case, attacked with great injustice. â€Å"If ye punish, then punish with the like of that wherewith ye were afflicted. â€Å"(An-Nahl: 126). Muslims living in the West Just because the Islamic Fiqh Academy defines suicide bombing as an act or martyrdom and does not associate it with terrorism or suicide, Muslims in countries that do not live under the realm of war, are not entitled to exploit the ruling. Muslims are not allowed to cause harm to other people, regardless of their faith, who are not oppressing Muslim brothers or sisters. On the contrary, Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR), and the president of the International Association of Muslim Scholars (IAMS) advises that all Muslims are to act in full kindness and convey the beautiful message of Islam to the best of their ability. Muslims in the West are not allowed to cause destruction in their country of residence, even though Muslim brothers and sisters fall victim to hands of violence. Muslims living under peaceful conditions should take full advantage to speak up on unfair dealings through interfaith dialogues, charity runs, neighbourhood gatherings and through other social events. Muslims should not resort to violence when there is none surrounding them. â€Å"O you who believe! Stand out firmly as Allah’s witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to piety and fear Allah. And Allah is well acquainted with all that you do. † (al-Ma’idah: 8) This whole world is made by God. Anything that exists in this world is also made by God. We all are made by God and for God. God has made this earth on which we are living, and the sky. He sends rain to the earth. He has created different kinds of fruits for us to eat like grapes, dates, mango, banana, orange, apple, papaya, pineapple, custard apple and many more. He also created different kinds of vegetables for us to eat like onion, spinach, tomatoes, lemon, carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, ginger, garlic etc. Then He also created different kinds of meat that we eat like chicken, beef, mutton, fish etc. There are also other many different kinds of food we eat, unlimited and uncountable on this earth. Can we live without water? It is created by our Lord. We need water to drink, we need water to grow vegetables, fruits, rice, wheat and other plants. We need water to cook food, we need water to clean ourselves, we need water to clean our houses, wash clothes, wash dishes and then there are much more uses of water. We on this earth can’t live without water. It’s a fact and we known this fact. This water is created by our God so that we can survive on this earth. That is, we cannot survive if there will be no water on this world. This means that we are really and solely dependent on our Lord for His mercy on us, we cannot live or survive without our Lord and His mercy. Can we live without air and oxygen? It is also given to us by our Creator, our Lord. God has sent to us on this world for some purpose in life. He has created all these things and shown His mercy on us for some reason. There is some valid genuine reason for which we sent to this world. We’re not created purpose less. How can we know our purpose in this life then? We can only know this by His books, He has sent to us and learning from His prophets. After sending us to this world God hasn’t left us alone in darkness. From His book we know that when He expelled Adam from paradise, He told Him, â€Å"Go down to earth, and some of you will be enemy of others, and you will live there for small period of time, then you’ll have to come back to me one day. I’ll keep sending you my commandments, whoever will obey me, I’ll take him to paradise, and whoever will deny me and reject my commandments, I’ll reject him and take him to hell. † (Al-Quran, The Cow) From these lines now we know that our purpose of existence is only and only for God. We’re not only created by God but for God. He said in His book, â€Å"I’ve created mankind to worship me and to recognize me. † (Al-Quran) God has created all these things for us on which we’re dependent like food, water, earth only and only to submit to our Lord. We should show our respect to God, be dutiful to Him and become His obedient. Muslims should not be overbearing upon non-Muslims and force them to understand Islam. Lecturing and preaching to followers of other faith must always be done with tact. A more effective method of da’wa would be to lead by action through constructive community projects and general amiable behaviour. Muslims who resort to suicide bombing in countries that do not harbour war, are not considered as martyrs. In fact, they have committed suicide and in turn, have also killed innocent civilians. â€Å"Let therebe no compulsion [or coercion] in the religion [Islam]. The right direction is distinctly clear from error. † (Baqarah: 256) Killing other people just as a form of expression, or rather to merely make a point, is not a trait of a Muslim. â€Å"Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo ! Allah loveth the just dealers. † (Al-Mumtahanah: 8) Different hadith from Prophet Mohammad (salalaho alaihay wasalam) also stresses the same view that suicide is not permitted and extremely prohibited in Islam. References 1. Http://www. inter-islam. org/prohibitions/suicide. html 2. www. therevivial. co. uk 3. www. readingislam. com 4. www. islam. about. com 5. www. submission. org 6. www. islamonline. net.

The Effect of Acids and Bases Essays

The Effect of Acids and Bases Essays The Effect of Acids and Bases Paper The Effect of Acids and Bases Paper enzymatic browning, the rate was measured under the influence of a known concentrations of acid(0. 1 HCl) and base (NaOH). The resultant effect of these concentrations was then measured over an experimentally determined duration. The results observed were noted down and conclusions drawn with reference to the level of inactivation of the enzymatic reactions. Phenyphenol oxidase is the main causative agent of enzymatic browning. It is usually catalyzed by phenolic compounds and quinones. Consequently non enzymatic browning processes involve polymerization reactions that lead to the formation of melanins; determinants of fruit color. In this experimental set up fresh apple fruits were evaluated for the rates of browning when subjected to acidic or basic medium at physiologically standard room temperature. The rates of browning was found to posses a direct correlation with the polyphenol oxidase activity. Generally fruits that were subjected to a basic medium underwent the process of browning under the shortest duration as compared to the acidic medium that was demonstrated to considerably slow down the process of enzymatic browning. Analysis Control of phenol oxidase activity by subjecting the fruit to different pH values was done by subjecting the fruit to an acidic solution(HCl) and a basic solution(NaOH), The temperature and time of exposure to these physiological conditions was also taken into consideration. HCl considerably caused inhibition of the enzyme hence reducing its rate of activity. This translated to a longer duration for enzymatic browning . Extrapolation of the resultant effects of different concentrations of HCl acid means that as the concentration of the acid increases, enzymatic activity is considerably lowered at optimum temperature. Further increase in the concentration of the acid will lead to complete inactivation of enzymatic activity . However, this would negatively impact on the taste of the fruit. Inhibition of PPO is possible because acidic compounds have the capacity to complex with copper, an cation on the enzyme active site. Base on the other hand, create a physiological condition were the pH moves towards the optimal pH for polyphenol oxidase activity(5-7) hence speeding up the process of enzymatic browning as observed in the experimental set up. Discussion The four fundamental attributes of appearance, flavor, texture and nutritional value are the core elements that guide consumer choice of food. Appearance; the most externally discernible attribute is significantly impacted by the color of the fruit and it remains the first element used in consumer evaluation of quality. Naturally fruit color is determined by pigments such as carotenoids, chlorophyll and athocyanins or color can also be determined by enzymatic and non enzymatic reactions. In fruits enzymatic browning is the most predominant factor and it is catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase chemically referred as 1,2 benzediol; oxygen oxidoreductase. In some literature polyphenol oxidase is also referred to as monophenol oxidase, phenylase, diphenol oxidase, tyrosinase, phenoloxidase or phenolase(Maurice R. Marshall et al, 2000) However the analysis of the mechanisms of browning have for along time leaned towards the detrimental effect of browning as opposed to some of the beneficial effects of this enzymatic mechanism. As fruits ripen their susceptibility to disease and pest and insect infestation usually decrease due to the biochemical decline of phenolic content. Phenoloxidase enzymes are endogenous constituents in fruits. They play a primary role in the catalysis of quinolone production from phenolic constituents. Once quinolones are formed, they undergo polymerization reactions that lead to the production of melanins. Melanins exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activity hence keeping the fruit physiologically wholesome. Economic loses caused due to browning of fruits have elicited a new wave of research targeting enzymatic browning and proposing mechanisms of controlling these enzymatic reactions particularly the phenyl oxidase enzyme. The control of browning is therefore very critical to ensure that throughout the production and handling of agricultural products the appearance, flavor and nutritional value is maintained. Enzymatic browning severely limits the shelf life of minimally processed agricultural products such as apricots, apples, pears, peaches, bananas and grapes. In the determination of the rate of enzymatic discoloration, the concentrations polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and other phenolic compounds present. The pH, temperature and the availability of oxygen have also been proven to be determinants of the rate of enzymatic browning. Additionally, the oxygen availability and the pH also influence non enzymatic browning. Physiologically,the optimum pH of polyphenol oxidase activity is between 5-7. In the processing of apples, this pH is usually adjusted to 4 by the use of citric acid, malic acid or fumaric acid. However, this is only applicable so long as the resultant acidity can be effectively tolerated taste wise. When this pH is reduced further to levels below 4, the tight binding of copper onto the active sites of enzymes are loosened hence chelators such as citric acid can be used to remove copper from the binding sites(Murat Ozdemir, 1997). On the other hand, non enzymatic browning results from reactions of carbonyl groups such as reducing sugars, ketones, aldehydes, lipid oxidation products with amino acid compounds. Caramelilisation of the carbohydrate in food due to the use of heat in the treatment if the heat used is above the melting point of sugar in physiological alkaline or acidic conditions. Another mechanism is through the spontaneous thermal decomposition process of ascorbic acid under aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the presence or absence of amino compounds. Lipid browning can be caused by oxidation of unsaturated glyceride components. This is followed by polymerization accelerated through the presence of amines, ammonia or proteins. In fruits non enzymatic browning is inhibited through refrigeration, reduction of reducing sugar content, control water activity or glucose oxidase treatment. The severity of browning is more pronounced at peeled surfaces. This is because damage to surface tissues during the peeling or cutting procedures causes the cell wall or its cellular membranes to lose integrity. Exposure to oxygen accelerates PPO activity hence the duration of browning. Conclusion It was successfully proven that hydrochloric acid has an inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme and hence a resultant effect on the biochemical rate of enzymatic browning. This is supported by the fact that the reduction of pH (increase in acidity) generally lowers the resultant enzymatic activity because the physiologically optimum Ph for PPO activity is between the pH of 5 and 7. Sodium hydrochloride on the other hand reduces acidity hence increasing the activity of PPO activity. New approaches to help people understand the process of enzymatic browning are currently under intense study. Successful initiatives aimed at biochemically controlling the rate of fruit browning should be evaluated on the basis of cost, effectiveness and regulatory status. Inhibitors chosen should not have adverse effects on the flavor, texture or color of the agricultural product. References Maurice R. Marshall, Jeongmok Kim and Cheng-I Wei (2000)Enzymatic Browning in Fruits, Vegetables and Seafoods. Food Science and Human Nutrition Department University of Florida Murat. Ozdemir. (1997) Food Browning and its Control. www. okyanusbilgiambari. com

Revamp Your Resume 21 Mistakes to Avoid

Revamp Your Resume 21 Mistakes to Avoid 1. Broad, vague examples of work experienceâ€Å"Essentially,† â€Å"Basically,† â€Å"More or less† = I am trying to hide what my real job was and pretend I had a different job. Use numbers, facts, and measurable results to make the case that you were a productive and engaged employee.2. Listing duties instead of accomplishmentsThink about how to frame your sometimes mundane daily to-dos as achievements: â€Å"Successfully coordinated office staff meetings and payroll,† â€Å"Completed annual reorganization of the medical library on schedule and with innovative twist on the Dewey Decimal system†, etc.3. A watered-down, generic objectiveâ€Å"The opportunity of a lifetime† â€Å"The career that touches the hearts of America† â€Å"Great opportunity in office setting† â€Å"Seeking a desk with chair†If you can’t do better than these, skip the objective.4. A one-size-fits-all vibeI know it’s tempting to try to be the ideal candidate for any and every job that crosses your path, but the truth is it’s a) impossible and b) going to result in a super boring resume. Be your poised, professional self on the page- tailor your experience to the specific responsibilities the job seeks. Don’t try to be all things to all people.5. Incorrect contact informationMake sure your address, phone, and professional email (not skateboarderyahoo@hotmail.com, please) are all up to date and spelled correctly. You don’t want to lose a gig because they had to track you down by carrier pigeon.6. Too much creativityWhat so swirly fonts and elaborate stationary and clip art all have in common? They have no business migrating from your scrapbook to your resume. Keep it clean and sharp and polished. A resume  should not look like an art project.7. Typos and grammatical errorsHave an exceptionally literate friend read your resume. Then turn it upside down and read one line at a time with a ruler- it’s the best way to spot typos once your brain has started skimming from over-exposure.8. Emphasis on irrelevant previous positionsWhen I applied for my first editorial positions, I still had my Build-a-Bear Workshop summer on my resume. It came off immediately after I was hired. It was also buried on the second page right above my exemplary skills with Excel and Powerpoint.9. Excessive personal informationAvoid mentioning political affiliations, religious organizations, or any reference to being a â€Å"bright and hopeful spirit.† You never know what will be read as controversial or inappropriate, and you don’t want to find out by pushing someone’s â€Å"autodelete† button.10. â€Å"References available upon request.†Unless you are Captain Obvious applying for an unnecessary superhero job, this one comes with the territory. Presumably somewhere you have worked before there is at least one living soul who can verify your general fitness fo r employment.11. Salary history and/or salary requirementsIt’s like having dessert at a wedding- wait until it’s offered.12. â€Å"Resume† as the titleYour name should be front and center at the top of your resume, with the job you’re applying for as the optional â€Å"title† beneath your name.13. Your present employer’s letterheadI’ve been trying to decide whether this is tacky or just dumb for 10 minutes.14. More than 2 pagesAn important caveat here is if you’ve been asked to prepare a CV (curriculum vitae), which is most common in academic jobs- if they ask for everything, they want everything. Otherwise, curate and edit it down to 2 pages, max.15. Handwritten notes or correctionsOn my very first job application I was so nervous I kept having to white out my answers to routine questions like â€Å"Why do you want to work at the snack bar†. But then I was 12, and on the swim team, so I had an excuse. You are a grown up and it is 2015. You do not.16. Piling your job-related skills and experience at the bottomThis is really the only thing employers care about. They read everything else to be polite. Put it up top!17. Non-specific keywordsâ€Å"Enthusiastic.† â€Å"Focused.† â€Å"Detail-Oriented.† â€Å"Team Player.†Delete, delete, delete, delete.18. Old and outdated experienceAlways update your skills and your work history as soon as the offer letter is dry; if you’re filling in gaps due to illness or family obligations, see if you can capture the experience you gained from volunteer opportunities to cover time when you would ordinarily have been working.19. Pictures of yourselfI recently read about a Portland Trailblazer’s cheerleading audition. They had to turn in headshots. And their measurements. It was grim. Unless you’re heading to a dance callback, ditch the selfies. Don’t describe your physical characteristics or appearance either.20. Honorable mentionsHigh school certificates, participation ribbons, scholarly awards (unless you’re going for a job with some research components), eating contests, beauty pageants†¦ unless somehow you know for 100% sure it’s relevant, leave it off and stick to the transferable skills.21. Reasons why you left a company or positionThe time to finesse â€Å"I flipped my boss’s desk over and kicked the copier down the stairs† is in your second in-person interview, if you get one (mention your â€Å"uncontainable passion† for your job). On your resume, don’t get defensive or feel like you need to explain your start and stop dates.  Resume Mistakes – 21 Things NOT To Include On Your Resume  Read More at www.medreps.com